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Calcitriol enhancement of TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation is mediated through vitamin D receptor-dependent and -independent pathways

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Abstract

We previously showed that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitriol, enhanced phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced tumorigenic transformation of mouse epidermal JB6 Cl41.5a cells. To determine if calcitriol regulates this enhancement through a nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent or -independent pathway, we used vitamin D analogs which induce biological responses by either of these mechanisms. In JB6 Cl41.5a cells, 1α,24-dihydroxy-22-ene-24-cyclopropyl-vitamin D (BT), which like calcitriol binds to VDR and regulates transcription, inhibited cell growth, stimulated expression of nonphosphorylated osteopontin (OPN), and enhanced TPA-induced anchorage-independent growth (AIG, an in vitroassay which highly correlates with tumorigenicity of these cells). 25-Hydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D (AT), which stimulates calcium influx but has low affinity for VDR, had moderate effects on cell growth and expression of OPN. However, it enhanced TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation, though to a lesser extent than BT, thus suggesting that a VDR-independent mechanism is involved. Since 1α-hydroxylase activity was detected in JB6 cells, AT could be converted into 1α,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-vitamin D (V), an analog which binds with high affinity to VDR, and could subsequently enhance TPA-induced AIG. To verify whether the VDR-independent pathway is involved in calcitriol enhancement of tumorigenic transformation, two additional VDR-independent analogs, 1α,25-dihydroxy-lumisterol (JN) and 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (AS), were tested. The analog JN, which stimulates calcium transport and cannot be further hydroxylated at 1-carbon position, increased TPA-induced AIG, while AS, which inhibits calcium influx, did not. These studies suggest that a VDR-independent pathway, perhaps stimulation of calcium influx, and a VDR-dependent mechanism, which directly affects transcription, are involved in calcitriol's enhancement of TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation in JB6 Cl41.5a cells.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Pi-Ling Chang & Kate Garretson

  2. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA

    Tan-Feng Lee

  3. Washington State University, Pullman Washington, USA

    Charles W. Prince

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  1. Pi-Ling Chang
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Chang, PL., Lee, TF., Garretson, K. et al. Calcitriol enhancement of TPA-induced tumorigenic transformation is mediated through vitamin D receptor-dependent and -independent pathways. Clin Exp Metastasis 15, 580–592 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018439329996

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