Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new constraint qualification for convex bilevel programming problems. Under this constraint qualification, a locally and globally exact penalty function of order 1 for a single-level reformulation of convex bilevel programming problems is given without requiring the linear independence condition and the strict complementarity condition to hold in the lower-level problem. Based on these results, locally and globally exact penalty functions for two other single-level reformulations of convex bilevel programming problems can be obtained. Furthermore, sufficient conditions for partial calmness to hold in some single-level reformulations of convex bilevel programming problems can be given.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Stackelberg, H. V., The Theory of the Market Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1952.
Bard, J. F., Some Properties of the Bilevel Programming Problem, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 68, pp. 371–378, 1991.
Dempe, S., A Necessary and a Sufficient Optimality Condition for Bilevel Programming Problems, Optimization, Vol. 25, pp. 341–354, 1992.
Outrata, J. V., On Necessary Optimality Conditions for Stackelberg Problems, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 76, pp. 306–320, 1993.
Outrata, J. V., On Optimization Problems with Variational Inequality Constraints, SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 4, pp. 340–357, 1993.
Wang, S., Wang, Q., and Romano-Rodriquez, S., Optimality Conditions and an Algorithm for Linear-Quadratic Bilevel Programs, Optimization, Vol. 31, pp. 127–139, 1993.
Zhang, R., Problems of Hierarchical Optimization in Finite Dimensions, SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 4, pp. 521–536, 1993.
Chen, Y., and Florian, M., On the Geometry Structure of Linear Bilevel Programs: A Dual Approach, Technical Report CRT-867, Centre de Recherches sur les Transports, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada, 1992.
Loridan, P., and Morgan, J., Weak via Strong Stackelberg Problem: New Results, Journal of Global Optimization, Vol. 8, pp. 263–287, 1996.
Bi, Z., Calamai, P., and Conn, A., An Exact Penalty Function Approach for the Linear Bilevel Programming Problem, Technical Report 167–0–310789, Department of Systems Design and Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1989.
Falk, J. E., and Liu, J., On Bilevel Programming, Part 1: General Nonlinear Cases, Mathematical Programming, Vol. 70, pp. 47–72, 1995.
Outrata, J. V., and Zowe, J., A Numerical Approach to Optimization Problems with Variational Inequality Constraints, Mathematical Programming, Vol. 68, pp. 105–130, 1995.
Tuy, H., Migdalas, A., and VÄrbrand, P., A Global Optimization Approach for the Linear Two-Level Programs, Journal of Global Optimization, Vol. 3, pp. 1–23, 1993.
Al-Khayyal, F., Horst, R., and Pardalos, P., Global Optimization of a Concave Function Subject to Quadratic Constraints: An Application in Nonlinear Bilevel Programming, Annals of Operations Research, Vol. 34, pp. 125–147, 1992.
Vicente, L., Savard, G., and Judice, G., Descent Approaches for Quadratic Bilevel Programming, Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 81, pp. 379–399, 1993.
Ben-Ayed, O., Bilevel Linear Programming, Computers and Operations Research, Vol. 20, pp. 485–501, 1993.
Vicente, L. N., and Calamai, P. H., Bilevel and Multilevel Programming: A Bibliography Review, Journal of Global Optimization, Vol. 3, pp. 291–306, 1993.
Luo, Z. Q., Pang, J. S., and Ralph, D., Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, 1996.
Outrata, J., Kocvara, M., and Zowe, J., Nonsmooth Approach to Optimization Problems with Equilibrium Constraints: Theory, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, 1998.
Ye, J., Zhu, D. L., and Zhu, Q., Generalized Bilevel Programming Problems, SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 7, pp. 481–507, 1997.
Ye, J., and Zhu, D. L., Optimality Conditions for Bilevel Programming Problems, Optimization, Vol. 33, pp. 9–27, 1995.
Anandalingam, G., and White, D. J., A Solution Method for the Linear Static Stackelberg Problem Using a Penalty Function, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 35, pp. 1170–1173, 1990.
Marcotte, P., and Zhu, D. L., Exact and Inexact Penalty Methods for the Generalized Bilevel Programming Problem, Mathematical Programming, Vol. 74, pp. 141–157, 1996.
Luo, Z. Q., Pang, J. S., and Ralph, D., Piecewise Sequential Quadratic Programming for Mathematical Programs with Nonlinear Complementarity Constraints, Complementarity and Variational Problems: State of the Art, Edited by M. C. Ferris and J. S. Pang, SIAM Publications, Providence, Rhode Island, 1997.
Janin, R., Directional Derivative of the Marginal Function in Nonlinear Programming, Mathematical Programming Study, Vol. 24, pp. 110–126, 1984.
Clarke, F. H., Optimization and Nonsmooth Analysis, John Wiley, New York, NY, 1983.
Dolecki, S., and Rolewicz, S., Exact Penalties for Local Minima, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 17, pp. 596–606, 1979.
Burke, J. V., Calmness and Exact Penalization, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 29, pp. 493–497, 1991.
Burke, J. V., An Exact Penalization Viewpoint of Constrained Optimization, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 29, pp. 968–998, 1991.
di Pillo, G., Exact Penalty Method, Algorithms for Continuous Optimization, Edited by E. Spedicato, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland, pp. 209–253, 1993.
Fukushima, M., Luo, Z. Q., and Pang, J. S., A Globally Convergent Sequential Quadratic Programming Algorithm for Mathematical Programs with Linear Complementarity Constraints, Computational Optimization and Applications, Vol. 10, pp. 5–34, 1998.
Facchinei, F., Jiang, H. Y., and Qi, L., A Smoothing Method for Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints, Mathematical Programming, Vol. 85, pp. 107–134, 1999.
Fischer, A., An NCP-Function and Its Use for the Solution of Complementarity Problems, Recent Advances in Nonsmooth Optimization, Edited by D. Z. Du, L. Qi, and R. S. Womersley, World Scientific, Singapore, Republic of Singapore, pp. 261–289, 1993.
Scholtes, S., and StÖhr, M., Exact Penalization of Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints, SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, Vol. 37, pp. 617–652, 1999.
Robinson, S. M., Generalized Equations and Their Solutions, Part 2: Applications to Nonlinear Programming, Mathematical Programming Study, Vol. 19, pp. 200–221, 1982.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, G.S., Han, J.Y. & Zhang, J.Z. Exact Penalty Functions for Convex Bilevel Programming Problems. Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 110, 621–643 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017592429235
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017592429235