The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry

Jessica L. Lakin; Valerie E. Jefferis; Clara Michelle Cheng; Tanya L. Chartrand

doi:10.1023/A:1025389814290

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Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

September 2003, Volume 27, Issue 3, pp 145–162

The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry

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Jessica L. LakinEmail author
Valerie E. Jefferis
Clara Michelle Cheng
Tanya L. Chartrand

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DOI: 10.1023/A:1025389814290

Cite this article as:: Lakin, J.L., Jefferis, V.E., Cheng, C.M. et al. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (2003) 27: 145. doi:10.1023/A:1025389814290

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Abstract

The “chameleon effect” refers to the tendency to adopt the postures, gestures, and mannerisms of interaction partners (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999). This type of mimicry occurs outside of conscious awareness, and without any intent to mimic or imitate. Empirical evidence suggests a bi-directional relationship between nonconscious mimicry on the one hand, and liking, rapport, and affiliation on the other. That is, nonconscious mimicry creates affiliation, and affiliation can be expressed through nonconscious mimicry. We argue that mimicry played an important role in human evolution. Initially, mimicry may have had survival value by helping humans communicate. We propose that the purpose of mimicry has now evolved to serve a social function. Nonconscious behavioral mimicry increases affiliation, which serves to foster relationships with others. We review current research in light of this proposed framework and suggest future areas of research.

affiliation chameleon effect human evolution mimicry

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The Chameleon Effect as Social Glue: Evidence for the Evolutionary Significance of Nonconscious Mimicry

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