Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Reaction to Black Violent Offenders in Ontario—1892–1961: A Test of the Threat Hypothesis

  • Published:
Sociological Forum

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

REFERENCES

  • Anderson, A. B. and J. S. Frideres 1981 Ethnicity in Canada: Theoretical Perspectives. Toronto: Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, I. N., W. Kelly, and P. Doyle 1977 “Societal reaction to deviants: The case of criminal defendants.” American Sociological Review 42:743–755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertley, L. W. 1977 Canada and Its People of African Descent. Canada: Bilongo Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Donald 1976 The Behavior of Law. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blalock, Hubert 1967 Toward a Theory of Minority Group Relations. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonger, Wilhelm 1943 Race and Crime. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, I. 1935 “News items about negroes in white urban and rural newspapers.” Journal of Negro Education 4:169–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, Henry 1961 “Significance of the racial factor in the length of prison sentences.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 52:411–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, Peter, and Austin Turk 1975 “Factors affecting postarrest dispositions: A model for analysis.” Social Problems 22:313–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canada 1910–1911 House of Commons Debates. Ottawa: Queen's Printer.

  • 1952 Statutes of Canada. Ottawa: King's Printer.

  • Chambliss, W. and R. B. Seidman 1971 Law, Order and Power. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chicago Commission on Race Relations 1922 The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denison, G. T. 1920 Recollections of a Police Magistrate. Toronto: Carswell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, Havelock 1916 The Criminal. Fifth Edition. London: Walter Scott Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, C. 1996 A Place Called Heaven: The Meaning of Being Black in Canada. Toronto: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankfurter, Felix 1922 “Newspapers and criminal justice.” In R. Pound and F. Frankfurter (eds.), Criminal Justice in Cleveland. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gabor, Thomas 1994 “The suppression of crime statistics on race and ethnicity: The price of political correctness.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 36:153–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfinkel, Harold 1949 “Research note on inter-and intraracial homicides.” Social Forces 27:369–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, James 1978 “Race as a determinant of criminal sentences: A methodological critique and a case study.” Law and Society Review 12:455–478.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gist, J. 1932 “The negro in the daily press.” Social Forces 10:405–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, Edward 1961 Judicial Attitudes in Sentencing. London: MacMillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1964 “Inter and intra-racial crime relative to sentencing.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 55:348–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, John and Kristin Bumiller 1983 “Making sense of sentencing: A review and critique of sentencing research,” In A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, S. Martin, and M. Tonry (eds.), Research on Sentencing: The Search For Reform-Volume II: 1–54. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, John and Marjorie Zatz 1985 “The social organization of criminal justice processing: An event history analysis.” Social Science Research 14:103–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton 1908–1961 Jail Records.

  • Hanushek, E. and J. Jackson 1977 Statistical Methods for Social Scientists. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatt, K. 1994 “Reservations about race and crime statistics.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 36:164–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, Darnell 1987 “Beyond anomalies: Rethinking the conflict perspective on race and criminal punishment.” Social Forces 65:719–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, Frances, C. Tator, W. Mattis, and T. Rees 1995 The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, Daniel 1960 “Negroes in Toronto: A sociological study of a minority group.” Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Toronto.

  • Hooton, Ernest 1939 Crime and the Man. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Elmer 1957 “Selective factors in capital punishment.” Social Forces 36:165–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Guy 1941 “The negro and crime.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 271:93–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. 1984 Econometric Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, J. P. 1994 “Academic approaches to race-crime statistics do not justify their collection.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 36:166–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, Henry 1976 “Comparison of defense strategy and race as influences on differential sentencing.” Criminology 14:241–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleck, Gary 1981 “Racial discrimination in criminal sentencing: A critical evaluation of evidence with additional evidence on the death penalty.” American Sociological Review 46:783–805.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaFree, Gary 1989 Rape and Criminal Justice: The Social Construction of Sexual Assault. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin, Martin 1972 “Urban politics and judicial behaviour.” Journal of Legal Studies 1:220–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liska, Alan 1992 Social Threat and Social Control. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lizotte, Alan 1978 “Extra-legal factors in chicago's criminal courts: Testing the conflict model of criminal justice.” Social Problems 25:564–580.

    Google Scholar 

  • London 1908–1961 Jail Records

  • Lukas, Edwin 1945 “Questions and answers.” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 35:272–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miethe, T. and C. Moore 1986 “Racial differences in criminal processing: The consequences of model selection on conclusions about differential treatment.” The Sociological Quarterly 27:217–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosher, Clayton 1996 “Minorities and misdemeanours: The treatment of black public order offenders in ontario's criminal justice system—1892–1930.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 38:413–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1998 Discrimination and Denial: Systemic Racism in Ontario's Legal and Criminal Justice Systems, 1892–1961. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, Martha and Suzette Talarico 1987 The Social Contexts of Criminal Sentencing. New York: Springer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, Gunnar 1944 An American Dilemma. New York: Harper & Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nova Scotia 1989 Provincial Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution. Halifax.

  • Ontario 1995 Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System. Toronto: Queen's Printer.

  • Ottawa 1892–1961 Jail Records

  • Peterson, Ruth and John Hagan 1984 “Changing conceptions of race: Towards an account of anomalous findings of sentencing research.” American Sociological Review 49:56–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinney, Richard 1970 The Social Reality of Crime. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raffalovich, Lawrence 1994 “Detrending time series—A cautionary note.” Sociological Methods and Research 22:492–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rex v. Phillips 1930 Ontario Weekly Notes 38:323.

  • Roberts, Julian 1994 “Crime and race statistics: Toward a canadian solution.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 36:175–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellin, Thorsten 1928 “The negro criminal: A statistical note.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 139:52–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1935 “Race prejudice in the administration of justice.” American Journal of Sociology 41:212–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, R. 1991 “Plain racism: The reaction against oklahoma black immigration to the canadian plains,” In O. McKague (ed.), Racism in Canada. Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. 1936 The Negro in the Philadelphia Press. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spohn, Cassia 1994 “Crime and the social control of blacks: Offender/victim race and the sentencing of violent offenders.” In G. Bridges and M. Myers (eds.), Inequality, Crime and Social Control: 249–268. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spohn, Cassia, John Gruhl, and Susan Welch 1981–1982 “The effect of race on sentencing: A re-examination of an unsettled question.” Law and Society Review 16:71–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, Edwin 1934 Principles of Criminology. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thunder Bay 1892–1961 Jail Records

  • Tittle, Charles 1994 “The theoretical bases for inequality in formal social control.” In, G. Bridges and M. Myers (eds.), Inequality, Crime and Social Control. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toronto 1892–1961 Jail Records

  • Troper, H. 1972 “The creek negroes of oklahoma and canadian immigration, 1909–1911.” Canadian Historical Review 272–280.

  • Turk, Austin 1969 Criminality and the Legal Order. Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unnever, James, Charles Frazier, and John Henretta 1980 “Race differences in criminal sentencing.” Sociological Quarterly 21:197–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, J. 1980 A History of Blacks in Canada. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, S., D. Weisburd, and N. Bode 1982 “Sentencing the white-collar offender: Rhetoric and reality.” American Sociological Review 47:641–659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windsor 1892–1961 Jail Records

  • Winks, Robin 1968 “The Canadian negro: A historical assessment.” Journal of Negro History 53:283–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1969 “The Canadian Negro: A historical assessment—part II: the problem of identity.” Journal of Negro History 55:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • 1971 The Blacks in Canada: A History: A History. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Washington State University—Vancouver, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, Washington, 98686

    Clayton Mosher

Authors
  1. Clayton Mosher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mosher, C. The Reaction to Black Violent Offenders in Ontario—1892–1961: A Test of the Threat Hypothesis. Sociological Forum 14, 635–658 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021652020393

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021652020393

Keywords

Search

Navigation