Abstract
Two industrial and highly populated cities namely Ibadan and Lagos, both located in Southwestern Nigeria have urban migrationproblems and resource limitations. As a result, the development of residential areas near waste sites and the indiscriminate dumping of municipal waste are common in both cities. Orita-Aperin and Oworonsoki neighborhoods in Ibadan and Lagos,respectively, both located near a waste site were studied. The two areas relied on the wells as sources of drinking water hence poor drinking water quality may have health consequences. A totalof 51 ground-water samples (30 wells in Ibadan and 21 wells in Lagos) were monitored seasonally for two years in Ibadan and a year in Lagos. Results from this study revealed that some of theground-water quality constituents determined exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water irrespective of source of pollution. Some of the ground-water samples were poor in quality in terms of pH, conductivity, totaldissolved solids, chloride, nitrate, ammonia, COD, Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Ni and total coliforms recorded. Thus, ground-water fromsome of these private wells requires further purification to ensure its fitness for human consumption.F-test, one-way parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney `T' test and Kruskal-Wallis H-test applied to upgradient and downgradient concentrations suggest impact ofthe waste sites on ground-water quality. The Mann-Whitney testonly suggests that the downgradient values of Fe (Ibadan: dryseason (1), sulfate (Ibadan: rainy season (2) and pH (Lagos: dry season (2) were significant at 5% level of significance. For Ibadan wells, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that variances ofspecific conductivity, dissolved solids, and chloride for Ibadanupgradient and downgradient values were unequal. Also variances of specific conductivity and dissolved solids for upgradient anddowngradient values in Lagos were unequal at 5% level of significance. Three downgradient wells in Lagos and four downgradient wells in Ibadan had significant impact due to leachate migration into drinking wells.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed, A. M. and Sulaiman, W. N.: 2001, 'Evaluation of Groundwater and Soil Pollution in a Landfill Area Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging Survey', Environ. Manage. 28, 655–663.
APHA (American Public Health Association): 1985, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th ed., Washington, DC, 1134 pp.
Bjerg, P. L., Rugge, K., Pedersen, J. K. and Christensen, T. H.: 1995, 'Distribution of Redox-Sensitive Groundwater Quality Parameters Downgradient of a Landfill (Grindsted, Denmark)', Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 1387–1394.
Cambra, K. and Alonso, E.: 1995, 'Blood Lead Levels in 2-to 3-Year-old Children in the Greater Bilbao Area (Basque County, Spain): Relation to Dust and Water Levels', Arch. Environ. Health 50, 362–366.
Cariera, C. and Masciopinto, C.: 1998, 'Assessment of Groundwater after Leachate Release from Landfills', Annali di Chimica 88, 811–818.
CIFA (Committee for Inland Fisheries of Africa): 1994, Review of Pollution in the African Aquatic Environment, D. Calamari and H. Naeve (eds), Technical Paper Number 25, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome, 118 pp.
Day, P. R.: 1965, 'Particle Fraction and Particle Size Analysis', in C. A. Black et al.(eds), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1. Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wis., pp. 891–901.
Doctor, P. G., Gilbert, R. O. and Kinnison, R. R.: 1986, Draft-Statistical Comparisons of Groundwater Monitoring Data. Groundwater Plans and Statistical Procedures to Detect Leaking at Hazardous Waste Facilities, PNL-5754, Interagency Agreement no. DW 89931109-01-0, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352.
Ehrig, H. J.: 1983, 'Quality and Quantity of Sanitary Landfill Leachate', Waste Manage. Res. bd1, 53–68.
Fang, H. Y.: 1995, 'Engineering Behaviour of Urban Refuse, Compaction Control and Slope Stability Analysis of Landfill', in R. W. Sarsby (ed.), Waste Disposal by Landfill – GREEN' 93.Balkema A. A., Rotterdam, pp. 47–72.
Fatta, D., Papadopoulos, A. and Loizidou, M.: 1999, 'A Study on the Landfill Leachate and its Impact on the Groundwater Quality of the Greater Area', Environ. Geochem. Health 21, 175–190.
Fisher, M.: 1989, Methods for Determining Compliance with Groundwater Quality Regulations at Waste Disposal Facilities, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706.
Fuchs, M. R.: 1990, Groundwater Monitoring Guidance for Solid Facilities, Solid and Hazardous Waste Program, Washington State Department of Ecology, Washington, U.S.A., 90 pp.
Gallorini, M., Pesavento, M., Profumo, A. and Riolo, C.: 1993, 'Analytical Related Problems in Metal and Trace Elements Determination in Industrial Waste Landfill Leachates', Sci. Total Environ. 133, 285–298.
Goodman, I.: 1987, Graphical and Statistical Methods to Assess the Effect of Landfills on Groundwater Quality, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, 1987.
Hall, L. A.: 1991, 'A Preliminary Investigation into the Speciation of Trace Metals in Sediments from the Gulf of Paria off the Coast of Trinidad', Environ. Internat. 17, 437–447.
Hensel, D. R.: 1987, 'Advantages of Non Parametric Procedures for Analysis of Water Quality Data', Hydrol. Sci. J. 32, 179–190.
Hirsch, R. M. and Slack, J. R.: 1984, 'A Non-Parametric Trend Test for Seasonal Data with Serial Dependence', Water Resour. Res. 20, 727–735.
HMSO: 1972, Procedures for Analysis of Raw and Potable Water, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, London.
HMSO: 1956, the Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies, Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO), Ministry of Health, Ministry of Housing and Local Government, No. 71, London.
IITA (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture): 1979, Selected Methods for Soil and Plant Analysis, International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, Manual Series Number 1, 70 pp.
Ikem, A.: 1996, 'Environmental Impact of Two Waste Dump Sites in Ibadan and Lagos on Groundwater Quality', Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 429 pp.
Jackson, M. L.: 1957, Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Jensen, D. L. and Christensen, T. H.: 1999, 'Colloidal and Dissolved Metals in Leachates from Four Danish Landfills', Water Res. 33, 2139–2147.
Kersten, M. and Förstner, U.: 1995, 'Speciation of Trace Metals in Sediments and Combustion Waste', in A. M. Ure and C. M. Davidson (eds), Chemical Speciation in the Environment, Blackie Academic and Professional, New York, pp. 235–275.
Khan, R., Husain, T., Khan, H. U., Khan, S. M. and Hoda, A.: 1990, 'Municipal Solid Waste Management – A Case Study', Municipal Engin. bd7, 109–116.
Kjelsen, P., Bjerg, P. L., Rugge, K., Christensen, T. H. and Pedersen, J. K.: 1998, 'Characterization of an Old Municipal Landfill (Grindsted, Denmark) as a Groundwater Pollution Source: Landfill Hydrology and Leachate Migration', Waste Manage. Res. 16, 14–22.
Koussis, A. D., Syriopoulou, D. and Ramanujam, G.: 1989, Computation of Three-Dimensional Advection-Dominated Transport in Saturated Aquifers, US Government Report.
Kunkle, G. R. and Shade, J. W.: 1976, 'Monitoring Groundwater Quality Near a Sanitary Landfill', Groundwater 14, 11–20.
Lagos Waste Disposal Board: 1991, Organizational Development and Waste Management System Project-Assessment Report, Lagos State Government, Nigeria, pp. 1-1–5-3.
Lake, D. L., Kirk, P. W. W. and Lester, J. N.: 1984, 'Fractionation, Characterization and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Sludge-Amended Soils: A Review', Environ. Qual. 13, 175–183.
Lee, K. K., Kim, Y. Y., Chang, H. W. and Chung, S. Y.: 1997, 'Hydrogeological Studies on the Mechanical Behaviour of Landfill Gases and Leachate of the Nanjido Landfill in Seoul, Korea', Environ. Geol. 31, 185–198.
Loizidou, M. and Kapetanios, E. G.: 1993, 'Effect of Leachate from Landfills on Groundwater Quality', Sci. Total Environ. 128, 69–81.
Maiz, I., Arambarri, I., Garcia, R. and Millan, E.: 2000, 'Evaluation of Heavy Metal Availability in Polluted Soils by Two Sequential Extraction Procedures using Factor Analysis', Environ. Pollut. 110, 3–9.
McBean, E. A. and Rovers, F. A.: 1998, Statistical Procedures for Analysis of Environmental Monitoring Data and Risk Assessment, Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey 07458, 313 pp.
McCreanor, P. T. and Reinhart, D. R.: 2000, 'Mathematical Modeling of Leachate Routing in a Leachate Recirculating Landfill', Water Res. 34, 1285–1295.
McLean, E. O.: 1982, 'Soil pH and Lime Requirement', in A. L. Page et al. (eds), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Agronomy 9. Am. Soc. Agronomy, Inc., Madison, Wis., pp. 199–224.
Montgomery, R. H. and Loftis, J. C.: 1987, 'Applicability of the T-Test for Detecting Trends in Water Quality Variables', Water Resour. Bull. 23, 653–662.
NCASI (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement): 1985, 'Groundwater Quality Data Analysis', Technical Bulletin No. 462, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 260 Madison Avenue, New York.
Niininen, M., Kalliokoski, P. and Parjala, E.: 1995, 'Quality of Landfill Leachates and their Effect on Groundwater', in R. W. Sarsby (ed.), Waste Disposal by Landfill – GREEN' 93, Balkema A. A., Rotterdam, pp. 655–659.
Ostendorf, D. W., Noss, R. R. and Lederer, D. O.: 1984, 'Landfill Leachate Migration Through Shallow Unconfined Aquifers', Water Resour. Res. 20, 291–296.
Patriarca, M., Menditto, A., Rossi, B., Lyon, T. D. B. and Fell, G. S.: 2000, 'Environmental Exposure to Metals of Newborns, Infants and Young Children', Microchem. J. 67, 351–361.
Pérez Cid, B., Fernández Alborés, A., Fernández Gómez, E. and Falqué López, E.: 2001, 'Use of Microwave Single Extractions for Metal Fractionation in Sewage Sludge Samples', Analytica Chimica Acta 431, 209–218.
Petruzzelli, G.: 1990, 'Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils Following Land Application of Conditioned Biological Sludges and Raw Pig Manure', in J. W. Patterson and R. Passino, R. (eds), Metals Speciation, Separation, and Recovery, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Michigan 48118, pp. 393–396.
Pickering, W. F.: 1981, Selective Chemical Extraction of Soil Components and Bound Metal Species, Department of Chemistry, University of New Castle, Australia, pp. 234–265.
Robinson, H. C., Barber, C. and Maris, P. J.: 1982, 'Generation and Treatment of Leachate From Domestic Wastes in Landfills', Water Pollut. Contr. Federation 54, 465–478.
Robinson, H. and Gronow, J.: 1992, 'Groundwater Protection in the U.K.: Assessment of the Landfill Leachate Source-Term', Institute of Water Engineers and Managers bd6, 229–236.
Rutter, M., Nichols, G. L., Swan, A. and De Louvois, J.: 2000, 'A Survey of the Microbiological Quality of Private Water Supplies in England', Epidemiology and Infection 124, 417–425.
Sager, M.: 1992, 'Chemical Speciation and Environmental Mobility of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Soils', in M. Stoeppler (ed.), Hazardous Metals in the Environment, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 133–175.
Schoer, J.: 1985, 'Iron-Oxo-Hydroxides and their Significance to the Behavior of Heavy Metals in Estuaries', Environ. Technol. Lett. bd6, 189.
Schramel, O., Michalke, B. and Kettrup, A.: 2000, 'Study of the Copper Distribution in Contaminated Soils of Hop Fields by Single and Sequential Extraction Procedures', Sci. Total Environ. 263, 11–22.
Singh, S. P., Tack, F. M. and Verloo, M. G.: 1998, 'Heavy Metal Fractionation and Extractability in Dredged Sediment Derived Soils', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 102, 313–328.
Splitstone, D. E.: 1989, 'A Statistician's View of Groundwater Monitoring' in Groundwater Monitoring Needs and Requirements, Hazardous Materials Control, 9300 Colombia Blvd., Silver Spring, Maryland 20910.
Syriopoulou, D. and Koussis, A. D.: 1987, 'Two-Dimensional Modeling of Advection Dominated Solute Transport in Groundwater', Hydrosoft bd1, 63–70.
Taras, M. J.: 1950, 'Phenoldisulphonic Acid Method of Determining Nitrate in Water', Anal. Chem. 22, 1020–1022.
Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C. and Bisson, M.: 1979, 'Sequential Extraction Procedure for the Speciation of Particulate Trace Metals', Anal. Chem. 51, 844–851.
Underwood, E. J.: 1971, Trace Metals in Human and Animal Nutrition, 3rd ed., Academic Press, New York.
US EPA: 1988, Statistical Methods for Evaluating Groundwater Monitoring From Hazardous Waste Facilities, Final Rule, 40 CFR Part 264, 401M Street, Washington, D.C. 20460.
US EPA: 1991, Description and Sampling of Contaminated Soils – A Field Pocket Guide, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Cincinnati, EPA/625/12-91/002.
US EPA: 1998, Office of Water, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460. http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/dwh/c-ioc/cadmium.html/.
Valin, V. and Morse, J.: 1982, 'An Investigation of Methods Commonly used for the Selective Removal and Characterization of Trace Metals in Sediments', Marine Chem. 11, 535–564.
Vendrame, I. and Pinho, M. F.: 1997, 'Groundwater Quality in Taubate Landfill, Brazil', in J. Chilton (ed.), Groundwater in the Urban Environment, Balkema A. A., Rotterdam, pp. 559–564.
WHO: 1991a, Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Report of the First Review Group Meeting on Inorganics, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, World Health Organization, Geneva, WHO/PEP/91.18, 15 pp.
WHO: 1991b, Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality, Report of the Second Review Group Meeting on Inorganics, Brussels, Belgium, World Health Organization, Geneva, WHO/PEP/91:32, 12 pp.
World Bank: 2000a, Nigeria – Community Based Urban Development, Project NGPE69901, The World Bank, 1818H Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20433.
World Bank: 2000b, World Development Indicators 2000, The World Bank, 1818H Street, NW, Washington D.C. 20433.
Zhang, J. G., Huang, W. W. and Wang, Q.: 1990, 'Concentration and Partitioning of Particulate Trace Metals in the Changjiang (Yangtze River)', Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 52, 57–70.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ikem, A., Osibanjo, O., Sridhar, M.K.C. et al. Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Characteristics near Two Waste Sites in Ibadan and Lagos, Nigeria. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 140, 307–333 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020165403531
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020165403531