Abstract
A variant of the case-cohort design is proposed for the situation in which a correlate of the exposure (or prognostic factor) of interest is available for all cohort members, and exposure information is to be collected for a case-cohort sample. The cohort is stratified according to the correlate, and the subcohort is selected by stratified random sampling. A number of possible methods for the analysis of such exposure stratified case-cohort samples are presented, some of their statistical properties developed, and approximate relative efficiency and optimal allocation to the strata discussed. The methods are compared to each other, and to randomly sampled case-cohort studies, in a limited computer simulation study. We found that all of the proposed analysis methods performed well and were more efficient than a randomly sampled case-cohort study.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.
References
P. K. Andersen, Ø. Borgan, R. D. Gill, and N. Keiding, Statistical Models based on Counting Processes, Springer Verlag: New York, 1993.
P. K. Andersen and R. D. Gill, “Cox's regression model for counting processes: A large sample study,” Ann. Statist. vol. 10 pp. 1100-20, 1982.
W. Barlow, “Robust variance estimation for the case-cohort design,” Biometrics vol. 50 pp. 1064-72, 1994.
N. E. Breslow and K. Cain, “Logistic regression for two stage case-control data,” Biometrika vol. 75 pp. 11-20, 1988.
W. G. Cochran, Sampling Techniques. 3rd edition. Wiley: New York, 1977.
D. R. Cox, “Regression models and life-tables (with discussion),” J. Roy. Statist. Soc. B vol. 34 pp. 187-220, 1972.
J. Kalbfleisch and J. Lawless, “Likelihood analysis of multi-state models for disease incidence and mortality,” Statist. in Med. vol. 7 pp. 149-60, 1988.
M. Kulic and D. Y. Lin, “Additive hazards regression for case-cohort studies,” Manuscript, Charles University, Prague, 1998.
B. Langholz and Ø. Borgan, “Counter-matching: A stratified nested case-control sampling method,” Biometrika vol. 82 pp. 69-79, 1995.
B. Langholz and D. C. Thomas, “Efficiency of cohort sampling designs: Some surprising results,” Biometrics vol. 47 pp. 1563-71, 1991.
E. Lehmann, Nonparametrics, Holden-Day: San Francisco, 1975.
D. Y. Lin and Z. Ying, “Cox regression with incomplete covariate measurements,” J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. vol. 88 pp. 1341-1349, 1993.
J. Pogoda, Variance Estimation in Complex Cohort Problems, PhD thesis, University of Southern California, 1993.
R. L. Prentice, “A case-cohort design for epidemiologic cohort studies and disease prevention trials,” Biometrika vol. 73 pp. 1-11, 1986.
S. O. Samuelsen, Two Incomplete Data Problems in Life-History Analysis: Double Censoring and the Case-Cohort Design, PhD thesis, University of Oslo, 1989.
S. O. Samuelsen, “A pseudolikelihood approach to analysis of nested case-control studies,” Biometrika vol. 84 pp. 379-394, 1997.
S. G. Self and R. L. Prentice, “Asymptotic distribution theory and efficiency results for case-cohort studies,” Ann. Statist. vol. 16 pp. 64-81, 1988.
T. M. Therneau and H. Li, “Computing the Cox model for case cohort designs,” Lifetime Data Analysis vol. 5 pp. 99-112, 1999.
H. Zhou and M. S. Pepe, “Auxillary covariate data in failure time regression,” Biometrika vol. 82 pp. 139-149, 1995.
Author information
Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Borgan, O., Langholz, B., Samuelsen, S.O. et al. Exposure Stratified Case-Cohort Designs. Lifetime Data Anal 6, 39–58 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009661900674
Issue Date:
- case-cohort studies
- Cox regression
- optimal allocation
- pseudo-likelihood
- relative efficiency
- score-unbiasedness
- stratified sampling
- survival analysis