Abstract
Patterns of stemborer life history and the foraging patterns exhibited by a taxonomically diverse array of stemborer parasites are described. Foraging strategies provide functional descriptions of natural parasite groupings and include elements of the guild concept plus ecological, behavioural, and morphological adaptations that enable a parasite to locate and exploit a particular host effectively. Elements of the foraging strategy include: host stage attacked, microhabitat of the host, cues employed to locate and identify the host, and method of host attack. Possible constraints presented by the crop plants to the success of different foraging strategies exhibited by groups of parasites are explored.
Résumé
Différent types de cycles de vie et modèles de recherches de l’hôte exhibés par un ensemble impressionant de parasites, taxonomiquement differents, de foreurs de tige de céreales sont décrits. Les stratégies de recherches fournissent des descriptions fonctionnelles de regroupement naturel des parasites et comprennent des éléments du concept d’association, des éléments écologiques, de comportements, et des adaptations morphologiques qui permettent au parasite de trouver et d’exploiter efficacement un hôte donné. La strategie de recherche comprend les éléments suivants: le stade de l’hôte attaqué, le microhabitat de l’hôte, les signaux utilisés pour localiser et identifier l’hôte, et les méthodes d’attaques de l’hôte. Les contraintes éventuelles présentées par les plantes cultivées sur le succès des différents types de stratégies de recherches exhibés par des groupes de parasites, sont explorées.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alam M. M., Bennett F. D., and Carl K. P. (1971) Biological control of Diatraea saccharalis (F.) in Barbados by Apanteles flavipes Cam. and Lixophaga diatraeae T.T. Entomophaga 16, 151–158.
Alexandri M. P. and Tsitsipis J. A. (1990) Influence of the egg parasitoid Platytelenomus busseolae (Hym.: Scelionidae) on the population of Sesamiae nonagriodes (Lep.: Noctuidae) in central Greece. Entomophaga 35, 61–70.
Askew R. R. and Shaw M. R. (1986) Parasitoid communities: Their size, structure and development, pp. 225–264. In Insect Parasitoids (Edited by J. Waage and D. Greathead. Academic Press, London. 389 pp.
Barbosa P. (1993) Lepidopteran foraging on plants in agroecosystems: Constraints and consequences, pp. 523–566. In Caterpillars, Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging (Edited by N. E. Stamp and T. M. Casey). Chapman & Hall, London, UK. 587 pp.
Bennett F. D. (1965) Tests with parasites of Asian graminaceous moth-borers on Diatraea and allied genera. Commw. Inst. Bio. Control Tech. Bull. 5, 101–116.
Bennett F. D. (1969) Tachinid flies as biological control agents for sugar cane moth borers, pp. 117–148. In Pests of Sugar Cane (Edited by J. R. Williams, J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery and R. Mathes. Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 568 pp.
Bleszynski S. (1969) The taxonomy of the crambine moths borers of sugar cane, pp. 11–59. In Pests of Sugar Cane (Edited by J. R. Williams, J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery and R. Mathes). Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 568 pp.
Browning H. W. and Melton C. W. (1987) Indigenous and exotic trichogrammatids (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) evaluated for biological control of Eoreuma loftini and Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) borers of sugarcane. Environ. Entomol. 16, 360–364.
Buendgen M. R., Coors J. G., Grombacher A. W. and Russel W. A. (1990) European corn borer resistance and cell wall composition of three maize populations. Crop Sci. 30, 505–510.
Carl K. P. (1982) Biological control of native pests by introduced natural enemies. Biol. Cont. News Info. 3, 191–200.
Carruthers R. I. and Onsager J. A. (1993) Perspective on the use of exotic natural enemies for biological control of pest grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Environ. Entomol. 22, 885–903.
Debach P. and Rosen D. (1991) Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 440 pp.
Ehler L. E. (1990) Introduction strategies in biological control of insects, pp. 111–134. In Critical Issues in Biological Control (Edited by M. Mackauer, L. Ehler and J. Roland. Intercept, Andover, Hants, UK. 330 pp.
Ehler L. E. (1992) Guild analysis in biological control. Environ. Entomol. 21, 26–40.
Ehler L. E. (1995) Evolutionary history of pest-enemy associations, pp. 83–91. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Edited by E.S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott). DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne.
Fuchs T. W., Huffman F. R. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1979) Introduction and establishment of Apanteles flavipes (Hym: Braconidae) on Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Texas. Entomophaga 24, 109–114.
Fuchs T. W. and Harding J. A. (1978) Oviposition patterns, egg parasitism, and spring emergence of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis. Environ. Entomol. 7, 601–604.
Hailemichael Y., Smith J. W., Jr. and Wiedenmann R. N. (1994) Host finding behavior host acceptance and host suitability of the parasite Xanthopimpla stemmator. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 71, 155–166.
Hawkins B. A., Browning H.W. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1987) Field evaluation of Allorhogas pyralophagus (Hym.: Braconidae) imported into Texas for biological control of the stalkborer Eoreuma loftini (Lep.: Pyralidae) in sugarcane. Entomophaga 32, 483–491.
Howarth F. G. (1991) Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36, 485–509.
Hughes R. D., Woolcock L. T. and Ferrar P. (1974) The selection of natural enemies for the biological control of the Australian bushfly. J. Applied Ecol. 11, 483–488.
Jepson W. F. (1954) A Critical Review of the World Literature on the Lepidopterous Stalk Borers of Tropical Graminaceous Crops. Commonw. Inst. Entomol., London, UK. 127 pp.
Khan Z. R., Ampong-Nyarko K., Chiliswa P., Hassanali A., Kimani S., Lwande W., Overholt W. A., Pickett J. A., Smart L. E., Wadhams L. J. and Woodcock C. M. (1997) Intercropping increases parasitism of pests. Nature 388, 631–632.
Lewis W. J., Vet L. E. M., Tumlinson J. H., van Lenteren J. C. and Papaj D. R. (1990) Variations in parasitoid foraging behavior: Essential element of a sound biological control theory. Environ. Entomol. 19, 1183–1193.
Lockwood J. A. (1993) Environmental issues involved in biological control of rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with exotic agents. Environ. Entomol. 22, 503–518.
Louda S. M., Kendall D., Connor J. and Simberloff D. (1997) Ecological effects of an insect introduced for the biological control of weeds. Science 277, 1088–1090.
Macedo N. A., Mendonca Filho A. F., Moreno J. A. and Pinazza A.H. (1984) Evaluation of the economic advantages of 10 years of biological control of Diatraea spp. through Apanteles flavipes Cameron, in the state of Alagoas (Brazil). Entomol. Newsletter 16, 9–10.
Miller J. C. and Ehler L. E. (1990) The concept of parasitoid guild and its relevance to biological control, pp. 159–169. In Critical Issues in Biological Control (OntEditedU by M. Mackauer, L. E. Ehler and J. Roland). Intercept, Andover, U.K. 330 pp.
Miller M. C., Moser J. C, McGregor M., Gregoire J.-C, Basier M., Dalsten D. L. and Werner R. A. (1987) Potential for biological control of native North American Dendroctonus beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 80, 417–428.
Mills N. J. (1983a) Possibilities for biological control of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) using natural enemies from Europe. Biocontrol News Info. 4, 103–125.
Mills N. J. (1983b) The natural enemies of scolytids infesting conifer bark in Europe in relation to the biological control of Dendroctonus spp. in Canada. Biocontrol News Info. 4, 305–328.
Mills N. J. (1994) Parasitoids guilds: Defining the structure of the parasitoid communities of endopterygote insect hosts. Environ. Entomol. 23, 1066–1083.
Mills N. J. and Schoenberg F. (1985) Possibilities for the biological control of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lymantriidae), in Canada, using natural enemies from Europe. Biocontrol News Info. 6, 7–18.
Mohyuddin A. I. (1991) Utilization of natural enemies for control of insect pests of sugarcane. Insect Sci. Applic. 12, 19–26.
Ngi-Song A. J., Overholt W. A., Njagi P. G. N., Dicke M., Ayertey J. N. and Lwande W. (1996) Volatile infochemicals used in host and host habitat location by Cotesia flavipes Cameron and Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), larval parasitoids of stemborers on graminae. J. Chem. Ecol. 22, 307–323.
Odum E. P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 574 pp.
Omwega C. O., Kimani S. W., Overholt W. A. and Ogol C. K. P. O. (1995) Evidence of the establishment of Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in continental Africa. Bull. Entomol. Res. 85, 525–530.
Overholt W. A. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1989) Pediobius furvus parasitisation of overwintering generation southwestern corn borer pupae. Southwestern Entomol. 14, 35–40.
Overholt W. A., Ngi-Song A. J., Kimani S. K., Mbapila J., Lammers P. and Kioko E. (1994) Ecological considerations of the introduction of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for biological control of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Africa. Biocontrol News Info. 15, 19N–24N.
Pimentel D. (1963) Introducing parasites and predators to control native pests. Canad. Entomol. 95, 785–792.
Pfannenstiel R. S., Browning H. W. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1992) Searching behavior of Pediobius furvus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 384–388.
Pfannenstiel R. S. and Meagher R. L., Jr. (1991) Sugarcane resistance to stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Texas. Florida Entomologist 74, 300–305.
Polaszek A., Ubeku J. A. and Bosque-Perez N. A. (1993) Taxonomy of the Telenomus busseolae species complex (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) egg parasitoids of cereal stem borers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 83, 221–226.
Rodriguez-del-Bosque L. A. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1994) Egg parasites of corn and sugarcane stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Mexico, pp. 203–205. In Trichogramma and Other Egg Parasitoids. Ed. INRA, Paris, 1995 (Les Colloques, no. 73).
Rodriguez-del-Bosque L. A. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1996) Rearing and biology of Lydella jalisco (Diptera: Tachinidae), a parasite of Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Mexico. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89, 88–95.
Rodriguez-del-Bosque L. A. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1990) Feeding and pupation sites of Diatraea lineolata, D. saccharalis and Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in relation to corn phenology. J. Econ. Entomol. 83, 850–855.
Sheehan W. and Hawkins B. A. (1991) Attack strategy as an indicator of host range in metopiine and pimpline Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Ecol. Entomol. 16, 129–131.
Simberloff D. and Stiling P. (1996) How risky is biological control? Ecology 77, 1965–1974.
Simmonds F. J. (1972) Approaches to biological control problems. Entomophaga 17, 251–264.
Simmonds F. J. (1976) Some recent puzzles in biological control. Entomophaga 21, 327–332.
Slansky F. (1993) Nutritional ecology: The fundamental quest for nutrients, pp. 29–91. In Caterpillars, Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging (Edited by N. E. Stamp and T. M. Casey). Chapman & Hall. 587 pp.
Smith J. W. Jr., Wiedenmann R. N., and Overholt W. A. (1993) Parasites of Lepidopteran Stemborers of Tropical Gramineous Plants. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi. 89 pp.
Smith J. W., Jr., Browning H. W. and Bennett F. D. (1987) Allorhogas pyralophagus (Hym.: Braconidae), a gregarious external parasite imported into Texas, USA, for biological control of the stalkborer Eoreuma loftini (Lep.: Pyralidae) on sugarcane. Entomophaga 32, 477–482.
Smith J. W., Jr., Rodriguez-del-Bosque L. A. and Agnew C. W. (1990) Biology of Mallochia pyralidis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) an ectoparasite of Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from Mexico. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83, 961–966.
Southwood T. R. E. (1969) Population studies of insects attacking sugar cane, pp. 427–459. In Pests of Sugar Cane (Edited by J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery and R. Mathes). Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 568 pp.
van Leerdam M. B., Smith J. W., Jr. and Fuchs T. W. (1985) Frass mediated, host finding behavior of Cotesia flavipes a braconid parasite of Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 78, 647–650.
van Leerdam M. B., Johnson K. J. R. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1984) Effects of substrate physical characteristics and orientation on oviposition by Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environ. Entomol. 13, 800–802.
van Leerdam M. B., Johnson K. J. R. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1986) Ovipositional sites of Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane. Environ. Entomol. 15, 75–78.
Vinson S. B. (1984) How parasitoids locate their hosts: A case of insect espionage, pp. 325–348. In Insect Communication (Edited by T. Lewis). Academic Press, London. 414 pp.
Waage J. (1990) Ecological theory and the selection of biological control agents, pp. 135–157. In Critical Issues in Biological Control (Edited by M. Mackauer, L. Ehler and J. Roland). Intercept, Andover, Hants, UK. 330 pp.
Wiedenmann R. N. and Smith J. W., Jr. (1997) Novel associations and importation biological control: The need for ecological and physiological equivalencies. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 51–60.(this issue).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, J.W., Wiedenmann, R.N. Foraging Strategies of Stemborer Parasites and their Application to Biological Control. Int J Trop Insect Sci 17, 37–49 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400022153
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400022153