Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Adipokinetic Hormones and Lipoprotein Interconversions During Locust Flight

  • Published:
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

During prolonged flight, locusts predominantly utilize lipids for energy generation. Lipid stores are mainly located in the fat body. Flight is accompanied by release of adipokinetic hormones from the corpora cardiaca. Under the influence of these hormones, fat body triacylglycerol is converted to diacylglycérol, which is released into the haemolymph. This release requires the presence of specific lipoproteins. The lipid mobilizing effect of adipokinetic hormone on the fat body is attended by the association of a high density lipophorin and a non-lipid containing protein, both already present in the haemolymph, and the increased amount of released lipid to form a new lipoprotein, low density lipophorin. Upon delivery of the lipid to the flight muscles, participating proteins dissociate again and can be reused for lipid uptake at the fat body (lipoprotein shuttle system). The flight-specific metabolic systems could be starting-points for new devices in control strategies.

Résumé

Durant le vol prolongé, le criquet utilise surtout les lipides comme source d’énergie. Les réserves de lipides sont principalement localisées dans le corps gras. Le vol est accompagné par la libération d’hormones adipokinétique sécrétées par les corpora cardiaca. Sous l’influence de ces hormones, le triacylglycérol du corps gras est transformé en diacylglycérol, qui est libéré dans l’hémolymphe. Cette libération demande la présence de lipoprotéines spécifiques. Parallèlement à l’effet de mobilisation des lipides de l’hormone adipokinétique dans le corps gras, il y a un regroupement d’une lipophorine de haute densité avec une protéine sans lipide, les deux composants étant déjà présent dans l’hémolymphe. Ce regroupement associé avec les lipides mobilisés forme une nouvelle lipoprotéine: la lipophorine de basse densité. Après la répartition des lipides dans les muscles du vol, le complexe des protéines est dissocié à nouveau et peut-être réutilisé pour prendre des lipides au corps gras (système de navette de lipoprotéines). La particularité du système métabolique du vol pourrait être le départ pour un moyen stratégique de contrôle du criquet.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Beenakkers A. M. Th., Van der Horst D. J. and Van Marrewijk W. J. A. (1985a) Insect lipids and lipoproteins, and their role in physiological processes. Prog. Lipid Res. 25, 19–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beenakkers A. M. Th., Bloemen R. E. B., De Vlieger T. A., Van der Horst D. J. and Van Marrewijk W. J. A. (1985b) Insect adipokinetic hormones. Peptides 6,suppl. 3, 437–444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beenakkers A. M. Th., Chino H. and Law J. H. (1988) Lipophorin nomenclature. Insect Biochem. 18, 1–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candy D. J., Hall L. J. and Spencer J. M. (1976) The metabolism of glycerol in the locust Schistocerca gregaria during flight. J. Insect Physiol. 22, 583–587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsen J., Herman W. S., Christensen M. and Josefsson L. (1979) Characterization of a second peptide with adipokinetic and red pigment-concentrating activity from the locust corpora cardiaca. Insect Biochem. 9, 497–501.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheeseman P. and Goldsworthy G. J. (1979) The release of adipokinetic hormone during flight and starvation in Locusta. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 37, 35–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chino H. and Kitazawa K. (1981) Diacylglycerolcarrying lipoprotein of hemolymph of the locust and some insects. J. Lipid. Res. 22, 1042–1052.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chino H., Downer R. G. H. and Takahashi K. (1986) Effect of adipokinetic hormone on the structure and properties of lipophorin in locusts. J. Lipid Res. 27, 21–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diederen J. H. B., Maas H. A., Pel H. J., Schooneveld H., Jansen W. F. and Vullings H. G. B. (1987) Co-localization of the adipokinetic hormones I and II in the same glandular cells and in the same secretory granules of corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. Cell Tissue Res. 249, 379–389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gäde G., Goldsworthy G. J., Kegel G. and Keller R. (1984) Single step purification of locust adipokinetic hormones I and II by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography, and amino-acid composition of the hormone II. Hoppe Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 365, 393–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsworthy G. J., Mordue W. and Guthkelch J. (1972) Studies on insect adipokinetic hormones. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 18, 545–551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsworthy G. J. and Wheeler C. H. (1984) Adipokinetic hormones in locusts. In Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Mode of Action of Invertebrate Hormones (Edited by Hoffmann J. and Porchet M.), pp. 126–135. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kanost M. R., Boguski M. S., Freeman M., Gordon J., Wyatt G. R. and Wells M. A. (1988) Primary structure of apolipophorin-III from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10568–10573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiwasaki Y. and Ikai A. (1985) Structure of apoproteins in insect lipophorin. Archs Biochem. Biophys. 237, 160–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawooya J. K., Meredith S. C., Wells M. A., Kezdy F. J. and Law J. H. (1986) Physical and surface properties of insect apolipophorin III. J. Biol. Chem. 261, 13588–13591.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lok C. M. and Van der Horst D. J. (1980) Chiral 1, 2-diacylglycerols in the haemolymph of the locust, Locusta migratoria. Biochim. biophys. Acta 618, 80–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi R. W. and Goldsworthy G. J. (1977) Diglyceride-transporting lipoproteins in Locusta. J. comp. Physiol. 114, 177–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orchard I. and Lange A. B. (1983) The hormonal control of haemolymph lipid during flight in Locusta migratoria. J. Insect Physiol. 29, 639–642.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oudejans R. C. H. M., Kooiman F. P., Schulz T. F. K. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1990) In vitro biosynthesis of locust adipokinetic hormones: isolation and identification of the bioactive peptides and their pro-hormones. Proc. First Int. Symp. Chrom, Isol. bisect Hormones, Pheromones and Related Compounds (Edited by McCaffery A. R. and Wilson J. D.), pp. 103–194). Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pruss R. M., Mezey E., Forman D. S., Eiden L. E., Hotchkiss A. J., Di-Maggio D. A. and O’Donohue T. L. (1986) Enkephalin and neuropeptide Y: two colocalized neuropeptides are independently regulated in primary cultures of bovine chromaffin cells. Neuropeptides 7, 315–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz T. K. F., Van der Horst D. J., Amesz H., Voorma H. O. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1987) Monoclonal antibodies specific for apoproteins of lipophorins from the migratory locust. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 6, 97–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro J. P., Law J. H. and Wells M. A. (1988) Lipid transport in insects. A. Rev. Entomol. 33, 297–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone J. V., Mordue W., Batley K. E.and Morris H. R. (1976) Structure of locust adipokinetic hormone, a hormone that regulates lipid utilization during flight. Nature (London) 263, 207–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone J. V. and Mordue W. (1979) Isolation of granules containing adipokinetic hormone from locust corpora cardiaca by differential centrifugation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 39, 543–547.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tietz A. and Weintraub H. (1980) The stereospecific structure of haemolymph and fat body 1, 2-diacylglycerol from Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 10, 61–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Antwerpen R., Linnemans W. A. M., Van der Horst D. J. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1988) Immunocytochemical localization of lipophorins in the flight muscles of the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) at rest and during flight. Cell Tissue Res. 252, 661–668.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Van Doom J. M. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1979) Effects of the adipokinetic hormone on the release and turnover of haemolymph diglycerides and on the formation of the diglyceride-transporting lipoprotein system during locust flight. Insect Biochem. 9, 627–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Stoppie D. J. P., Huybrechts R., De Loof A. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1981a) Immunological relationships between the diacylglycerol-transporting lipoproteins in the haemolymph of Locusta. Comp. Biochem. Physol. (B) 70, 387–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Van Doom J. M., De Keijzer A. N. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1981b) Interconversions of diacylglyceroltransporting lipoproteins in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 11, 717–723.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Abbink J. H. M., Van Doom J. M., Van Marrewijk W. J. A. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1983) Glycerol dynamics and metabolism during flight of the locust, Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 13, 45–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Van Heusden M. C., Schulz T. K. F. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1987a) Adipokinetic hormone-induced lipophorin transformations during locust flight. In Molecular Entomology (Edited by Law J.), pp. 247–256. Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Beenakkers A. M. Th., Van Doom J. M., Gerritse K. and Schulz T. K. F., (1987b) Adipokinetic hormone-induced lipid mobilization and lipophorin interconversions in fifth larval instar locusts. Insect Biochem. 17, 799–808.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Horst D. J., Ryan R. O., Van Heusden M. C., Schulz T. K. F., Van Doom J. M., Law J. H. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1988) An insect lipoprotein hybrid helps to define the role of apolipophorin III. J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2027–2033.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heusden M. C., Van der Horst D. J. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1984) In vitro studies on hormone-stimulated lipid mobilization from fat body and interconversion of haemolymph lipoproteins of Locusta migratoria. J. Insect Physiol. 30, 685–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heusden M. C., Van der Horst D. J., Van Doom J. M., Wes J. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1986) Lipoprotein lipase activity in the flight muscles of Locusta migratoria and its specificity for haemolymph lipoproteins. Insect Biochem. 16, 517–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heusden M. C., Van der Horst D. J., Voshol J. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1987) The recycling of protein components of the flightspecific lipophorin in Locusta migratoria. Insect Biochem. 17, 771–776.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Marrewijk W. J. A., Van den Broek A. Th. M. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1980) Regulation of glycogenolysis in the locust fat body during flight. Insect Biochem. 10, 675–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Marrewijk W. J. A., Van den Broek A. Th. M. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1989) Mode of action of adipokinetic hormone in the control of glycogenolytic activity in fat body of the migratory locust. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 74, 306–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler C. H. and Goldsworthy G. J. (1983) Protein-lipoprotein interactions in the haemolymph of Locusta during action of adipokinetic hormone: the role of CL-proteins. J. Insect Physiol. 29, 349–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler C. H., Van der Horst D. J. and Beenakkers A. M. Th. (1984) Lipolytic activity in the flight muscles of Locusta migratoria measured with haemolymph lipoproteins as substrates. Insect Biochem. 14, 261–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    A. M. Th. Beenakkers

Authors
  1. A. M. Th. Beenakkers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beenakkers, A.M.T. Adipokinetic Hormones and Lipoprotein Interconversions During Locust Flight. Int J Trop Insect Sci 12, 279–286 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400020804

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400020804

Key Words

Search

Navigation