Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Integrated Arthropod Pest Management Systems for Human Health Improvement in Africa

  • Mini Review
  • Published:
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In a sub-Saharan African context, limited natural resources, infectious diseases, including those transmitted by arthropod vectors, and chronic exposure to food contaminated with mycotoxin-producing fungi which, among others, are vectored by insects, are among the major constraints to human health. Thus, pest control should be an important component in human health improvement projects. It appears that the advantages of preventive over curative methods are rarely recognised in Africa, with more emphasis being given to the search for the ‘silver bullet’ than to integrated control approaches. Integrated pest management (IPM) systems can be assigned to different decisionmaking levels as well as to different integration levels, combining ecological (individual pest species, species communities, species assemblages) and management (crop, cropping systems, farms, communities) levels with the respective control systems. These levels produce a highly structured environment for decision-making, in which the use of modern information technology is important. Case studies show that IPM systems are developed and implemented at four integration levels, whereby most work is done on the lowest integration level, addressing a single pest or pest complex attacking a particular crop, group of livestock or human population, and the respective control measures undertaken. Coordinated efforts to develop and implement supplementary IPM systems at higher levels are concluded to be important elements in integrated pest management and a further contribution to human health improvement and poverty alleviation.

Résumé

Dans le contexte de l’Afrique sub-Saharienne, les ressources naturelles limitées, les maladies infectieuses comprenant celles transmises par les arthropodes vecteurs, et l’exposition chronique aux aliments contaminés par les champignons produisant des mycotoxines lesquels, parmi d’autres, sont transmis par les insectes, font partie des contraintes majeures à la santé humaine. Ainsi, le contrôle des nuisibles devrait être une composante importante dans les projets d’amélioration de la santé humaine. Il apparaît cependant que les avantages des méthodes préventives par rapport aux méthodes curatives sont rarement reconnus en Afrique, avec plus d’attention accordée à la recherche de solutions miracles qu’aux approches de lutte intégrée. Les systèmes de lutte intégrée (LI) peuvent êtres attribués à plusieurs niveaux de décision aussi bien qu’à différents niveaux d’intégration, combinant les niveaux écologiques (nuisibles individuels, communautés d’espèces, assemblages d’espèces) et de gestion (culture, systèmes de culture, champs, communautés) avec les systèmes respectifs de contrôle. Ces niveaux produisent un environnement hautement structuré pour la prise de décision, dans laquelle l’utilisation des technologies modemes d’information est importante. Les études de cas ont montré que les systèmes de LI sont développés et implémentés à quatre niveaux d’integration, à travers lesquels le gros du travail est fait au niveau le plus bas, s’adressant à une seule espece de ravageur ou complexe de ravageurs qui attaquent une culture donnée, groupe d’animaux ou population humaine, et les mesures respectives de contrôle entreprises. Il est conc1ut que les efforts coordennés pour développer et implémenter des systèmes de LI supplémentaires aux niveaux supérieurs sont des éléments importants de LI et constituent une contribution additionnelle pour l’amélioration de la santé humaine et la maîtrise de la pauvreté.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ako M., Schulthess F., Gumedzoe M. Y. D. and Cardwell K. F. (2003) The effect of Fusarium verticillioides Sacc. (Nirenberg) or. oviposition behaviour and bionomics of lepidopteran and coleopteran pests attacking the stem and cobs of maize in West Africa. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 106, 201–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alfaro R. I., Brown R. G., Mitchell K. J., Poisson K. R. and MacDonald R. N. (1996) SWAT: A decision support system for spruce weevil management. FRDA Report 260, 31–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1996) Concise Science Dictionary. 3rd edition, Oxford University Press. 794 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao N. and Robinson W. H. (1993) Computer aided decision support system for American cockroach management in the urban environment, pp. 393–399. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment/International Conference on Insect Pests in the Urban Environment, 30 June-3 July 1993, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgärtner J. (2001) Biodiversity that mitigates pests in agroecosystems. In Biodiversity Planning Support Programs. Global Environment Facility. UNEP-BPSP Thematic Studies on the Integration of Biodiversity into National Agricultural Sectors. UNEP BPSP, Nairobi, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgärtner J. and Gutierrez A. P. (1988) Simulation techniques applied to crops and pest models, pp. 175–214. In Parasitis 88. Proceedings of a Scientific Congress, Barcelona, October 25–28 (Edited by R. Cavalloro and V. Delucchi). Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, fuera de serie, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgärtner J., Bieri J., Buffoni G., Gilioli G., Gopalan H. N. B., Greiling J., Tikubet G. and Van Schayk I. M. C. J. (2001) Human health management in sub-Saharan Africa through integrated management of arthropod transmitted diseases and natural resources. Cadernos de saûde publica (reports in public health) 17, 17–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgärtner J., Delucchi V., von Arx R. and Rubli D. (1986) Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn., Stern., Aleyrodidae) infestation patterns as influenced by cotton, weather and Heliothis: Hypothesis testing by using simulation models. Agric, Ecosyst. Environ. 17, 49–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baumgärtner J., Getachew T., Gilioli G. and Bieri M. (2002) The design and implementation of integrated disease and resource management schemes for human health improvement in sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings Ethio-Forum 2002, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgärtner J., Regev U., Rahalivavololona N., Graf B., Zahner Ph. and Delucchi V. (1989) Rice production in Madagascar: Regression analysis with particular reference to pest control. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 30, 37–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Begon M., Harper J. L. and Townsend C. R. (1996) Ecology. 3rd edition. Blackwell Science, Oxford. 1068 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonato O., Schulthess F. and Baumgärtner J. (1999) Simulation model for maize crop growth based on acquisition and allocation functions for carbohydrate and nitrogen. Ecological Modellipg 124, 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardwell K. F. (2000) Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa: Anti-nutritional factors. Food Nutr. Bull. 21, 488–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardwell K. F., Kling J. G., Maziya-Dixon B. and Bosque-Pérez N. (2000) Interactions between Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus flavus and insects in improved maize populations in lowland Africa. Phytopathology 90, 276–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cardwell K. F., Schulthess F., Ndemah R. and Ngoko Z. (1997) A systems approach to assess crop health and maize yield losses due to pest and diseases in Cameroon. Agric, Ecosyst. Environ. 65, 33–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Compton J. A. F, Tyler P. S., Mumford J. D., Norton G. A., Jones T. H. and Hindmarsh P. S. (1992) Potential for an expert system on pest control in tropical grain stores. Trop. Sci. 32, 295–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conlong D. E. (1990) A study of pest-parasitoid relationships in natural habitats: An aid towards the biological control of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Proc. S. Africa Sugar Technol. Assoc. 64, 111–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway G.R. (1984) Introduction, pp. 1–11. In Pest and Pathogen Control. Strategic, Tactical and Policy Models (Edited by G. Conway). Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coop L. B., Croft B.A., Murphy C. F. and Miller S. F. (1991) Decision support system for economic analysis of grasshopper treatment operations in the African Sahel. Crop Prot. 10, 485–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curry G. L. and Feldman R. M. (1987) Mathematical Foundations of Population Dynamics. Texas A&M University Press, College Station. 246 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily G. C. (1997) Nature’s Services. Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC. 416 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groot P., Schnekenburger F., Fleming R. A. and Turgeon J. J. (1998) CONESYS: A data collection, database, and decision support system for making insect pest management decisions in seed orchards. Northern J. Appl. For. 15, 154–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dent D. (1995) Integrated Pest Management. Chapman & Hall, London. 356 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Cola G., Gilioli G. and Baumgärtner J. (1998) Mathematical models for age-structured population dynamics: An overview, pp. 45–61. In Population and Community Ecology for Insect Management and Conservation (Edited by J. Baumgärtner, P. Brandmayr and B. F. J. Manly Bryan). Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Cola G., Gilioli G. and Baumgärtner J. (1999) Mathematical models for age-structured population dynamics, pp. 503–536. In Ecological Entomology, 2nd edition (Edited by C. B. Huffaker and A. P. Gutierrez). Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drapek R. J., Calkin J. A. and Fisher G. C. (1990) A hazelnut pest management expert system. Acta Horticult. 276, 21–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehler L.E. (2000) Farmscape ecology of stink bugs in Northern California. Entomol. Soc. America. 59 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eicher C.K. (1999) Institutions and the African Farmer. Issues in Agriculture 14. CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research), Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • El Gendi S. M. (1998) Population fluctuations of Thrips tabaci Lind on onion plants under Fayoum environmental conditions. J. Agric. Sci. 6, 267–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eveleens K. G. (1983) Cotton-insect control in the Sudan Gezira: An analysis of a crisis. Crop Prot. 2, 273–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flint M. L. and van den Bosch R. (1981) Introduction to Integrated Pest Management. Plenum Press, New York. 240 pp.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gebre Amlak A., Sigvald R. and Peterson J. (1989) The relationship between sowing date, infestation and damage by the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Noctuidae), on maize in Awassa, Ethiopia. Trop. Pest Manage. 35, 143–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Geyer M. W., Sequeira R. A., Paradice D. B., Fowler G. C, Miller C. and Staten R. T. (1994) Cotton pest management: A knowledge-based system to handle information input overload. AI Applic. 8, 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gindin G., Barash I., Raccah B. S., Ben Zeev L. S., Klein M., Jenser C. R. and Adam L. (1996) The potential of some entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents against the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Folia Entomol. Hungariaa 62, 37–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gong Y. Y., Cardwell K., Hounsa A., Egal S., Turner P. C, Hall A. J. and Wild C. P. (2002) Cross-sectional study of dietary aflatoxin exposure and impaired growth in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa. British Med. J. 325, 20–21.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodland R. (1995) The concept of environmental sustainability. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk K. W., Thomas S. J., Twardus D. B., Ghent J. H., Colbert J. J. and Teske M. E. (1996) GypsES: A decision support system for gypsy moth management. FRDA Rep. 260, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez A. P. (1996) Applied Population Ecology. A Supply-demand Approach. John Wiley, New York. 300 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez A. P., Wermelinger B., Schulthess F., Baumgärtner J., Yaninek J. S., Herren H. R., Neuenschwander P., Löhr B., Hammond W. N. O. and Ellis C.K. (1988) An overview of a systems model of cassava and cassava pests in Africa. Insect Sci. Applic. 8, 919–924.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzman N. S. P., Salazar R. P., Troche Z. and De la Cruz J. (1996) Life cycle, habits and behaviour of Thrips tabaci Linderman in onions (Allium cepa). Revista de Entomol. 22, 93–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley S., Currans K. G. and Croft B. A. (1990) A computer aid for decision-making in apple pest management. Acta Horticult. 276, 27–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hay S. I., Omumbo J. A., Craig M. H. and Snow R. W (2000) Earth observation, geographic information systems and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, pp. 174–215. In Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology. (Edited by S. I. Hay, S. E. Randolph and D. J. Rogers). Advances in Parasitology 47. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hell K., Cardwell K. R, Sétamou M. and Schulthess F. (2000) Influence of insect infestation on aflatoxin contamination of stored maize in four agroecological regions in Benin. African Entomol. 8, 169–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herren H. R. and Neuenschwander P. (1991) Biological control of cassava pests in Africa. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36, 257–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoist N., Meikle W. G. and Markham R. H. (2000) Grain injury models for Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Sithophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in rural maize stores in West Africa. J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 1338–1346.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber B., Nyrop J. P., Wolf W., Reissig H., Agnello A. and Kovach J. (1990) Development of a knowledge-based system supporting IPM decision making in apples. Comp. Electron. Agric. 4, 315–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huffaker C. B. and Gutierrez A. P. (1999) Ecological Entomology. 2nd edition, Wiley, New York. 756 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kettle D. S. (1990) Medical and Veterinary Entomology. CAB International, Wallingford. 658 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan Z. R., Ampong-Nyarko K., Chiliswa P., Hassanali A., Kimani S., Lwande W., Overholt W, Pickett J. A., Smart L. E., Wadhams L. C. and Woodcock C. (1997a) Intercropping increases parasitism. Nature 388, 631–632.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan Z. R., Chiliswa P., Ampong-Nyarko K., Smart L. E., Polaszek A., Wandera J. and Mula M.A. (1997b) Utilisation of wild gramineous plants for management of cereal stemborers in Africa. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 143–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutson L., Sailer R. I., Murphy W. L., Carlson R. W and Dogger J. R. (1990) Computerized database on immigrant arthropods. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83, 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kogan M. (1998) Integrated pest management: Historical perspectives and contemporary development. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43, 243–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kogan M., Croft B. A. and Sutherst R. F. (1999) Applications of ecology for integrated pest management, pp. 681–736. In Ecological Entomology 2nd edition (Edited by C.B. Huffaker and A.P. Gutierrez). Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis W. J., Van Lenteren J. C, Pathak S. C. and Tumlinson III J. H. (1998) A total system approach to sustainable pest management. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences 94, 12243–12248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann B. P. and Wratten S. D. (1992) A computer-based advisory system for control of the summer pests of winter oilseed rape in Britain. Crop Prot. 11, 561–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhebi A. W. (1992) Economic impact of theileriosis and its control in Africa, pp. 379–403. In The Epidemiology ofThêilerosis in Africa (Edited by R. A. I. Norval, B. D. Perry and A. S. Young). Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munkvold G. P., Hellmich R. L. and Showers W. B. (1997) Reduced Fusarium ear rot and symptomless infection in kernels of maize genetically engineered for European corn borer resistance. Phytopathology 87, 1071–1077.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mwambi H.G., Baumgärtner J. and Hadeler K. P. (2000a) Ticks and tick-borne diseases: A vector-host interaction model for the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). Stat. Meth. Med. Res. 9, 279–301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mwambi H. G., Baumgärtner J. and Hadeler K. P. (2000b) Development of a stage-structured analytical population model for strategic decision making: The case of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Rivista Matematica délia Università di Parma 3, 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • NARC [National Research Council] (1996) Lost Crops of Africa. Vol. I Grains. Board on Science and Technology for International Development. National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odulaja A. and Abu-Zinid I. M. (1997) The relative efficiencies of Latin square and randomized complete block designs for insect trapping experiments: An investigation using field data on tsetse flies. Ecol. Entomol. 22, 184–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otieno L. H. and Saini R. K. (Eds) (1990) Tsetse Population and Behaviour. Proceedings of the International Study Workshop on Tsetse Population and Behaviour, 6–10 August 1989. Insect Sci. Applic. Special Issue 11, 257–461.

  • Overholt W. A., Ngi-Song A. J., Kimani S., Mbapila J., Lammers P. S. and Kioko E. (1994) Ecological considerations of the introduction of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Bracondiae) for biological control of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Africa. Biocontr. News Info. 15, 19N–24N.

    Google Scholar 

  • Overholt W. A., Ngi-Song A. J., Omwega C. O., Kimani-Njogu S. W., Mbapila J., Sallam M. N. and Ofomata V. (1997) A review of the introduction and establishment of Cotesia flavipes Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in East Africa for biological control of cereal stemborers. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 79–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randolph S.E. (2000) Ticks and tick-borne disease systems in space and from space, pp. 217–243. In Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology (Edited by S. I. Hay, S. E. Randolph and D. J. Rogers). Advances in Parasitology 47. Academic Press, London.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Randolph S. E. and Rogers D. J. (1995) Towards new population models as tools for the control of African ticks and tick-borne diseases, pp. 2–35. In Proc. Conf. Tick-borne Pathogens at the Host-Vector Interface: A Global Perspective (Edited by L. Coons and M. Rothschild).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhykerd L. M., Rhykerd R. L., Engel B. A., Wilson M. C. and Rhykerd C. L. (1993) A knowledgepro decision support system for detecting and managing the major insect pests of Medicago sativa L. Proceedings/American Forage and Grassland Council 2, 34–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers D. J. (2000) Satellites, space, time and the African trypanosomiases, pp. 129–171. In Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems in Epidemiology (Edited by S. I. Hay, S. E. Randolph and D. J. Rogers). Advances in Parasitology 47. Academic Press, London.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roux O. and Baumgärtner J. (1998) Evaluation of mortality factors and risk analysis for the design of an integrated pest management system. Ecological Modelling 109, 61–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roux O., von Arx R. and Baumgärtner J. (1992) Estimating potato tuberworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) damage in stored potatoes in Tunisia. J. Econ. Entomol. 85, 2246–2250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saini R. K. (Ed.) (1998) Tropical Entomology. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Tropical Entomology, Nairobi, Kenya. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi, Kenya. 409 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saini R. K. (1999) Fighting Africa’s deadly fly — new ecofriendly solutions for tsetse management. Accomplishments of the European Union-funded project on interactive development and application of sustainable tsetse management technologies for agropastoral communities in Africa. ICIPE Science Press, Nairobi. 11 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulthess F., Bosque-Pérez N.A., Chabi-Olaye A., Gounou S., Ndemah R. and Goergen G. (1997) Exchanging natural enemies species of lepidopterous cereal stemborers between African regions. Insect Sci. Applic. 17, 97–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulthess F., Cardwell K. F. and Gounou S. (2002) The effect of endophytic Fusarium verticillioides on infestation of two maize varieties by lepidopterous stemborers and coleopteran grain feeders. Phytopathol. 92, 120–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sétamou M., Cardwell K. F., Schulthess F. and Hell K. (1998) Effect of insect damage to maize ears, with special reference to Mussidia nigrivenella (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae), on Aspergillus flavus (Deuteromycetes; Monoliales) infection and alfatoxin production in maize before harvest in the Republic of Benin. J. Econ. Entomol. 91, 433–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shore T. L., Riel W. G. and Safranyik L. (1996) A decision support system for the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine stands. FRDA Rep. 260, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • SP-IPM (2000) System-wide Program on Integrated Pest Management. Progress Report 1998–2000. The SP-IPM Coordinator, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, UTA, Ibadan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spradling S. L., Olson J. K., Coulson R. N. and Lovelady C. N. (1998) A geographic information system approach to evaluating the effects of the endangered species protection program on mosquito control. J. American Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 14, 137–147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stone N. D. and Schaub L. P. (1990) A hybrid expert system/simulation model for the analysis of pest management strategies. AI Applic. Nat. Resour. Manage. 4, 17–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutherst R. W., Floyd R. B., Maywald G. F. and Yeomans A. F. (1995) Modelling for management of ticks, pp. 36–42. In Proceedings of a Conference on Tick-borne Pathogens at the Host-Vector Interface: A Global Perspective (Edited by L. Coons and M. Rothschild).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamö M. and Baumgärtner J. (1993) Analysis of the cowpea agro-ecosystem in West Africa. I. A demographic model for carbon acquisition and allocation in cowpea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Ecological Modelling 65, 95–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamö M., Baumgärtner J. and Gutierrez A. P. (1993) Analysis of the cowpea agro-ecosystem in West Africa. II. Modelling the interactions between cowpea and the bean flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom) (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Ecological Modelling 70, 89–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe K. W, Ridgeway R. L. and Webb R. E. (1992) A computerized data management and decision support system for gypsy moth management in suburban parks. Comp. Electr. Agric. 6, 333–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twery M. J., Elmes G. A., Schaub L. P., Foster M. A. and Saunders M.C. (1993) GypsES: A decision support system for gypsy moth management. General Technical Report NE-USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forestry Experimental Station. 175, 56–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Udoh J. M., Ikotun T. and Cardwell K. F. (2000) Storage structures and aflatoxin content of maize in five agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. J. Stored Prod. Res. 36, 187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Arx R., Roux O. and Baumgärtner J. (1990) Tuber infestation by potato tubermoth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) at potato harvest in relation to farmers’s practices. Agric, Ecosyst. Environ. 31, 277–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz R., Saunders M., Smilowitz Z., Huang H. and Christ B. (1994) Knowledge-based reasoning in integrated resistance management: The Colorado potato beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87, 1384–1399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WHO [World Health Organization] (1995) Vector control for malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases. Report of a WHO Study Group. WHO Technical Report Series 857. World Health Organization, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windeis C. E., Windeis M. B. and Kommedahl T. (1975) Association of Fusarium species with picnic beetles on corn ears. Phytopathology 66, 328–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • WRI [World Resources Institute] (1998) World Resources 1998–99. A Guide to the Global Environment: Environmental Change and Human Health. A joint publication by the World Resources Institute, the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 384 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia Y. (1998) PESTNET at ICIPE and Insect Informatics, pp. 133–137. Workshop Proceedings of the Integrated Pest Management Communications and Information Workshop for Eastern and Southerh Africa (ICWESA), Nairobi, Kenya, 1–6 March 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia Y. and Baumgärtner J. (1999a) Web-based intelligent insect management information system. 2nd MODSS ’99 (Multi-Objective Decision Support System), Brisbane, Australia, 1–6 August 1999. https://doi.org/informatics.icipe.org modds99_full_paper.docmodds99_full_paper.doc

    Google Scholar 

  • Xia Y. and Baumgärtner J.(1999b), ICIPE Insect Informatics Initiative: An Integrated Approach for Insect Information Generation, Processing and Dissemination, pp. 31–39. In Role and Potential of IT Systems and Communication Networks for International Development (Edited by A. Loeper et al.). Universität Bonn-ILB, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yudelman M., Ratta M. A. and Nygaard N. (1998) Pest management and food production. Looking to the future. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper 25. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhetner O. (1995) Practice of integrated pest management in tropical and sub-tropical Africa: An overview of two decades (1970–1990), pp. 1–67. In Integrated Pest Management in the Tropics: Current Status and Future Prospects (Edited by A. N. Mengech, K. N. Saxena and H. N. B. Gopalan). Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 17319, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Johann Baumgärtner

  2. Postfach 112-4, Chur, Switzerland

    Fritz Schulthess

  3. International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P. O. Box 30772, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya

    Yunlong Xia

Authors
  1. Johann Baumgärtner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fritz Schulthess
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yunlong Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fritz Schulthess.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Baumgärtner, J., Schulthess, F. & Xia, Y. Integrated Arthropod Pest Management Systems for Human Health Improvement in Africa. Int J Trop Insect Sci 23, 85–98 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400020294

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400020294

Key Words

Mots Clés

Search

Navigation