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Integrated Pest Management of Borers of Cowpea and Beans

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Abstract

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (Walp) and beans, Phaseolus vulgaris are attacked by several insect pests worldwide. The pests include economically important borers, the control of which often requires the use of more than one tactic. In Africa, the major borer species of cowpea is Manica vitrata Fab. (syn. M. testulalis [Geyer]); in Southeast Asia and eastern Africa the beanfly or bean stem maggot complex, Ophiomyia spp., is important on beans. The bean borer, Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke), is also of considerable importance in Asia. In South America Epinotia apotema (Wals) and Cydia fabivora (Meyrick) are the most important borers on beans, while Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and M. vitrata to a lesser degree are important on beans in some parts of Africa. Presently, only chemical control provides complete protection against crop borers, but despite its usually favourable cost-to-benefit ratio, insecticide use is not a sustainable option. Other tactics such as cultural control, host plant resistance and the use of beneficial organisms are more dependable in the long-term. They form the core of the new vision for environmentally friendly pest management, or bio-intensive pest management, which minimises the use of synthetic insecticides. In recent times, research efforts directed at these measures have been intensified. This paper discusses the various interventions and presents different IPM models on how they can be combined to optimise the control of borers. Suggestions are made on the future outlook of IPM on cowpea and beans.

Résumé

Le niébé (Vigna unguiculata Walp) et le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) sont attaqués par plusieurs insectes ravageurs à travers le monde. Ces ravageurs comprennent des foreurs économiquement importants pour lesquels la lutte exige souvent l’usage de plus d’une méthode. En Afrique, l’espèce foreuse majeure du niébé est Maruca vitrata Fab. (syn. M. testulalis [Geyer]); dans le sud-oeust asiatique et l’Afrique de l’Est la mouche du haricot ou le complexe de l’asticot de la mouche du haricot (Ophiomyia spp.), est un ravageur très important des haricots. La foreuse du haricot, Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) est aussi d’une importance considérable en Asie. En Amérique du Sud, Epinotia aporema (Wals) et Cydia fabivora (Meyrick) sont de très importantes foreuses des haricots, tandis que Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) et M. vitrata sont dans une moindre mesure importantes dans quelques parties d’Afrique. À présent, c’est seulement la lutte chimique qui donne une protection complète contre les foreurs des cultures, mais malgrè le rapport coût/bénéfice favorable, l’usage d’insecticide n’est pas une option durable. D’autres tactiques telles que les méthodes culturales de lutte, la résistance de la plant hôte et l’utilisation d’organismes bénéfiques sont plus recommendables à long terme. Elles constituent le centre d’une nouvelle vision pour une lutte inoffensive pour l’environnement, ou contrôle bio-intensif du ravageur, qui minimise l’usage d’insecticides synthétiques. Récemment, des efforts de recherche dirigés vers ces mesures de lutte ont été intensifiés. La présente publication discute les forces des différentes interventions et présente différentes models de lutte intégrée contre les ravageurs, qui montrent comme des mesures de lutte variées peuvent être utilisées en différentes combinaisons qui pourraient optimaliser la lutte contre les foreurs. Des suggestions ont été faites quant à la perspective de l’application du “Contrôle Intégré de Ravageurs” du niébé et des haricots.

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    Louis E. N. Jackai

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Jackai, L.E.N. Integrated Pest Management of Borers of Cowpea and Beans. Int J Trop Insect Sci 16, 237–250 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400017240

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