Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic Aspects of Quality Control in Tsetse Colonies

  • Published:
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Tsetse colonized either for laboratory studies or for release in S. I. T. programmes are assumed to be healthy and genetically similar to flies in natural populations. However, insect colonies are subjected to many of the same evolutionary forces that influence genetic changes in natural populations, i.e. drift, selection, hitch-hiking, mutations, assortative mating and immigration. The influence of these on genetic structure of tsetse fly colonies is outlined, and examples are presented from several species. There is little or no evidence for adaptation during the early phases of laboratory colonization of five species of tsetse. A model is presented indicating that with as little as a 5 % fitness difference between males, some colonies have existed long enough to have undergone significant changes in the relative numbers of males having “standard” and “enhanced” fitness. Slight changes in heterozygosity of colonized flies is documented by comparing colonies and field-collected flies and by comparisons within colonies over periods of several generations or years. An example of hitch-hiking is illustrated with the closely linked genes Sr (sex ratio) and Est-X in Glossina morsitans submorsitans. A possible interaction between alleles at these loci is discussed. A summary is presented of Polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic methods for monitoring 16 polymorphic loci distributed among the X chromosome and autosomes of tsetse.

Résumé

Des mouches tsé-tsé groupées en vue des recherches en laboratoire ou pour des programmes S. I. T. sont censées être en bonne santé et génétiquement similaires aux mouches se trouvant dans leur milieu naturel. Cependant, les colonies d’insectes sont sujettes à la plupart des mêmes forces d’evolution qui influencent des mutations génétiques dans le milieu naturel, notamment le vent, la sélection, “le hitch-hiking”, les mutations, l’accouplement selon les phénotypes et l’immigration. L’influence de ces facteurs sur la structure génétique des colonies de mouches tsé-tsé est cernée et des exemples sont présentés à partir de plusieurs espèces. Il n’y a presque pas d’évidence quant à l’adaptation pendant les premières phases de la colonisation en laboratoire pour cinq espèces de mouches tsé-tsé. Un modèle est présenté indiquant qu’avec une différence d’aptitudes d’environ 5% entre mâles, certaines colonies ont existé assez longtemps pour subir des changements significatifs en nombres relatifs des mâles ayant des aptitudes “standard” et “renfoncés”. De légères modifications dans l’hétérozygosité des mouches groupées peuvent faire l’objet d’un document en comparant les colonies des mouches avec les mouches capturées et par comparaisons au sein des groupes pendant des périodes de plusieurs générations ou pendant des années. Un exemple de hitch-hiking est illustré par des gènes Sr (sex ration) étroitement liés et Est-X dans Glossina morsitans submorsitans. Une interaction possible entre allélomorphes et ces locus est discutée. On a présenté un résumé sur les méthodes éléctrophorétiques du gel Polyacrylamide pour repérer 16 locus polymorphlques distribués entre chromosomes X et autosomes des mouches tsé-tsé.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bartlett A. C. (1984) Genetic changes during insect domestication. In Advances and Challenges in InsectRearing (Edited by King E. G. and Leppla N. C.), pp. 2–8, USDA Agric. Res. Serv. New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett A. C. (1985) Guidelines for genetic diversity in laboratory colony establishment and maintenance. In Handbook of Insect Rearing (Edited by Singh P. and Moore R. F.), Vol 1 pp. 7–17. Elsevier Science Publishers. B. V., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brady J. (1988) The circadian organization of behavior: Timekeeping in the tsetse fly, a model system. Adv. Study Behav. 18, 153–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brady J. and Crump A. J. (1978) The control of circadian activity rhythms in tsetse flies: environment or physiological clock? Physiol. Entomol. 3, 177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bush G. L. (1975) Genetic variation in natural insect populations and its bearing on mass-rearing programmes. In Controlling Fruit Flies by the Sterile-insect Technique. IAEA Vienna, pp. 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushrod F. M. (1984) Variations in the mitotic chromosome of Glossina morsitans centralis in Zambia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheeseman M. T. and Gooding R. H. (1985) Proteolytic enzymes from tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans and Glossina palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae). Insect Biochem. 15, 677–680.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dame D. A., Birkenmeyer D. R., Nash T. A. M. and Jordan A. M. (1975) The dispersal and survival of laboratory-bred and native Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae) in the field. Bull. Entomol. Res. 65, 453–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Haeseleer F., van den Abbeele J., Gooding R. H., Rolseth B. M. and Van der Vloedt A. (1987) An eye color mutant (tan) in the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae). Genome. 29, 828–833.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edman J. D. and Simmons K. R. (1985) Simuliids (mainly Simulium decorum Walker). In Handbook of Insect Rearing (Edited by Singh P. and Moore R. F.), Vol. 2. pp. 145–152. Elsevier Science Publishers. B. V., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friend W.G., Smith J.J.B. and Tanner R.J.(1985) Rhodnius prolixus. In Handbook of Insect Rearing (Edited by Singh P. and Moore R. F.), Vol. 1, pp. 345–351, Elsevier Science Publishers. B. V., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson A. (1980) Biochemical Systematics and Evolution. John Wiley and Sons, New York and Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. (1981) Genetic polymorphism in three species of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Upper Volta. Acta Trop. 38, 149–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. (1982) Laboratory evaluation of the lethal allele salmon for genetic control of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans. In Sterile Insect Technique and Radiation in Insect Control. IAEA, Vienna, STI/PUB/595. pp 267–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. (1986) Evidence for genetic control of sex ratio distortion in two colonies of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae). Quaest. Entomol. 22, 19–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. (1989) Genetics of two populations of Glossina morsitans centralis (Diptera: Glossinidae) from Zambia. Acta Trop. 46, 17–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. (1989) Genetics of Glossina pallidipes and G. morsitans subspecies. IAEA publication, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. and Hollebone J. E. (1976) Heritability of adult weight in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera: Glossinidae). Experientia 32, 1507–1508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. and Jordan A. M. (1986) Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). XII. Comparison of field collected and laboratory reared flies. Can. J. Gen. Cytol. 28, 1016–1021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. and Rolseth B. M. (1978) Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). II. Electrophoretic banding patterns of midgut alkaline phosphatase. Can. Entomol. 110, 1241–1246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H. and Rolseth B. M. (1982) Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). VI. Multilocus comparison of three laboratory populations. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 24, 109–115.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gooding R. H., Rolseth B. M. and Tarimo Nesbitt S. A. (1989) Mapping four loci in Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae). Can. Entomol. 121, 823–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huyton P. M., Langley P. A., Carlson D. A. and Schwarz M. (1980) Specificity of contact sex pheromones in tsetse flies, Glossina spp. Physiol. Entomol. 5, 253–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itard J. (1976) L’elevage de Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank, 1949 (Diptera-Muscidae) à Maisons-Alfort. Rev. Elev. Méd. Vét. Pays Trop. 29, 43–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Itard J. and Maillot L. (1966) Notes sur un élevage de Glossines (Diptera-Muscidae) entrepris, à partir de pupes expédiées d’Afrique, à Maisons-Alfort (France). Rev. Elev. Méd. Vét. Pays Trop. 19, 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Itard J., Maillot L., Brunet J. and Giret M. (1968) Observations sur un élevage de Glossina tachinoides West., après adoption du lapin comme animal-hôte. Rev. Elev. Méd. Vét. Pays Trop. 21, 387–403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson C. H. N. (1945) Pairing of Glossina morsitans Westwood with G. swynnertoni Austen (Diptera). Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. London. (A). 20, 106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan A. M. (1970) Inbreeding of Glossina austeni. In Tsetse Fly Breeding under Laboratory Conditions and its Practical Application (Edited by de Azevedo J. F.), pp. 137–141. Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, Lisbon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan A. M. (1980) Forty generations of inbreeding of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 70, 557–562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan A. M. and Curtis C. F. (1972) Productivity of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood maintained in the laboratory, with particular reference to the sterile-insect release method. Bull. WHO 46, 33–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan A. M., Nash T. A. M. and Trewern M. A. (1970) The performance of crosses between wild and laboratory-bred Glossina morsitans orientalis Vanderplank. Bull. Entomol. Res. 60, 333–337.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan A. M., Trewern M. A., Southern D. I., Pell P. E. and Davies E. D. G. (1977) Differences in laboratory performance between strains of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood from Rhodesia and Tanzania and associated chromosome diversity. Bull. Entomol. Res. 67, 35–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joslyn D. J. (1984) Maintenance of genetic variability in reared insects. In Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing (Edited by King E. G. and Leppla N.C.), pp. 20–29. U.S.D.A.Agr. Res. Serv. New Orleans, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kidwell M. (1983) Intra-specific hybrid sterility. In The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. (Edited by Ashburner M., Carson H. L. and Thompson Jr. J. N.), Vol. 3c pp. 125–154. Academic Press, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunz S. E. and Schmidt C. D. (1985a) Haematobia irritans. In Handbook of Insect Rearing (Edited by Singh P. and Moore R. F.), Vol. 2, pp. 113–117. Elsevier Science Publishers. B. V., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunz S. E. and Schmidt C. D. (1985b) Stomoxys calcitrans. In Handbook of Insect Rearing (Edited by Singh P. and Moore R. F.), Vol. 2, pp. 153–156. Elsevier Science Publishers. B. V., Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langley P. A. (1985) Glossina spp. In Handbook of Insect Rearing. (Edited by Singh P. and Moore R. F.) Vol. 2, pp. 97–112. Elsevier Science Publishers. B. V., Amsterda

    Google Scholar 

  • Leegwater-van der Linden M. E. (1980) Recent advances in the rearing of Glossina pallidipes Austen. In Isotopes and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors. IAEA Vienna STI/PUB/525. pp. 413–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moloo S. K. and Kutuza S, B. (1988) Large-scale rearing of Glossina brevipalpis in the laboratory. Med. Vet. Entomol. 2, 201–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash T. A. M., Kernaghan R. J. and Boyle J. A. (1966) The large-scale rearing of Glossina austeni (Newst.) in the laboratory. I. The use of pregnant and non-pregnant goats as hosts. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 60, 39–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nash T. A. M., Jordan A. M. and Boyle J. A. (1968) The large-scale rearing of Glossina austeni (Newst.) in the laboratory. IV. The final technique. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 62, 236–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nei M. (1975) Molecular Population Genetics and Evolution. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam and Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochieng R. S., Otieno L. H. and Banda H. K. (1987) Performance of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes reared under simple laboratory conditions. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 45, 265–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rawlings P. and Maudlin I. (1984) Sex ratio distortion in Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead (Diptera: Glossinidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 74, 311–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers A. and Kenyanjui E. N. F. (1972) The maintenance of a colony of Glossina pallidipes Austen. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 66, 267–280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rolseth B. M. and Gooding R. H. (1978) Genetics of Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae). I. Electrophoretic banding patterns of xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase. Can. Entomol. 110, 1233–1239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarimo Nesbitt S. A., Gooding R. H. and Rolseth B. M. (1989) Genetic variation in two field populations and a laboratory colony of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae). J. Med. Entomol. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vale G. A., Hargrove J. W., Jordan A. M., Langley P. A. and Mews A. R. (1976) Survival and behaviour of tsetse flies (Diptera, Glossinidae) released in the field: a comparison between wild flies and animal-fed and in vitro-fed laboratory-reared flies. Bull. Entomol. Res. 66, 731–744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderplank F. L. (1944) Hybridization between Glossina species and suggested new method for control of certain species of tsetse. Nature (London) 154, 607–608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderplank F. L. (1947) Experiments in the hybridisation of tsetse-flies (Glossina, Diptera) and the possibility of a new method of control. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London. 98, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Vloedt A. M. V. (1980) Cross-breeding experiments with Glossina morsitans morsitans (Westwood) wild genotype and phenotype genetic marker ocra. Isotope and Radiation Research on Animal Diseases and Their Vectors. IAEA, Vienna, STI/PUB/525 pp. 425–435.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6T3 2E3

    R. H. Gooding

Authors
  1. R. H. Gooding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gooding, R.H. Genetic Aspects of Quality Control in Tsetse Colonies. Int J Trop Insect Sci 11, 385–398 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400012819

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400012819

Key Words

Search

Navigation