Abstract
The paper reviews advances in our understanding of the vectorial capacity and vector-parasite relationship in Kenyan sandflies since the early 1900s (when sandflies were first reported in Kenya). Of the 38 species of sandflies known to occur in Kenya to date, three (Phlebotomus pedifer, P. martini and P. duboscqi) can naturally carry biochemically and serologically confirmed Leishmania (aethiopica, donovani and major, respectively) and 12 (Phlebotomus rhodhaini, Sergentomyia garnhami, S. squamipleuris, S. africanus, S. kirki, S. ingrami, S. antennatus, S. bedfordi, S. schwetzi, S. affinis, S. graingeri and S. clydei) carry various flagellates of biochemically or serologically unknown character.
Current research on naturally infected wild-caught sandflies indicates that L. aethiopica promastigotes have close association with structures resembling a peritrophic membrane and invade P. pedifer gut cells. Promastigotes invade the malpighian tubules of S. garnhami and S. antennatus.
Studies on laboratory-reared sandflies show that P. martini is susceptible to L. donovani amastigotes and that cultured promastigotes of L. donovani can survive in the guts of S. schwetzi, S. ingrami and S. adleri.
Experimental infection of sandflies with Leishmania is discussed and priorities for laboratory work set.
Résumé
Cette étude est portée sur le progrès faite dans la comprehension des rapports entre vecteurs et parasites et sur la capacité vectorielle des phlébotomes Kenyans depuis le début du 19ème siècle (première decouverte des phlébotomes au Kénya).
Sur les 38 espèces de phlébotomes existant au Kenya à l’heure actuelle, trois espèces (Phlébotomus pedifer, P. martini et P. duboscqi) sont porteuses respectivement de Leishmania aethopica, L. donovani et L. major; ceci est confirmé par analyses biochimiques et sérologiques, et 12 autres espèces (P. rhodhiani, Sergentomyia garnhami, S. squamipleuris, S. africanus, S. kirki, S. ingrami, S. antennatus, S. bedfordi, S. schwetzi, S. affinis, S. graingeri et S. clydei) sont porteuses de différentes flagelles dont les caratéristiques biochimiques et sérologiques sont encore inconnues.
La recherche actuelle sur les phlébotomes capturés, à l’état sauvage et naturellement infectés, démontre que les promastigotes L. aethiopica ont des structures semblables à une membrane péritrophique et qu’ils envahissent les noyaux céllulaires des P. pédifer. Les promastigotes envahissent les tubules malpighiennes des S. garnhami et S. antennatus.
Des études sur les phlébotomes élevés en laboratoire montrent que le P. martini est sensible aux amastigotes L. donovani et que les promastigotes cultivés de L. donovani peuvent survivre dans les noyaux céllulaires de S. schwetzi, S. ingrami, et S. adleri.
L’infection expérimentale des phlébotomes avec les Leishmania est discutée et des priorités pour la recherche en laboratoire sont proposées.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anderson T. D. (1943) Kala-azar in the East African Forces. Afr. med. J. 20, 172–175.
Beach R. (1983) Localization of Leishmania donovani in experimentally infected Phlebotomine sandflies: an indicator of vector competence. Abstracts of the 4th Annual Medical Scientific Conference p. 53. Kemri & Ketri, Nairobi, Kenya.
Beach R., Mutinga M. J., Kaddu J. B. and Young D. G. (1982) Laboratory colonization of Phlebotomus martini Parrot (1936) (Diptera: Psychodidae), a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Medical Scientific Conference, p. 12. Kemri & Ketri, Nairobi, Kenya.
Beach R., Young D. G. and Mutinga M. J. (1982) Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) duboscqi from Kenya: a new record. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 76, 707–708.
Beach R., Young D. G. and Mutinga M. J. (1983) New Phlebotomine sandfly colonies: Rearing Phlebotomus martini, Sergentomyia schwetzi and Sergentomyia africana (Díptera: Psychodidae). J. med. Ent. 20, 579–584.
Beach R„ Kiilu G., Hendricks L., Oster C. and Leeuwenburg J. (1984) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya: Transmission of Leishmania major to man by the bite of a naturally infected Phlebotomus duboscqi. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 747–751.
Chance M. L., Schnur L. F., Thomas S. C. and Peters W. (1978) The biochemical and serological taxonomy of Leishmania from the Aethiopian Zoogeographical region of African. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 72, 533–542.
Cole A. C. E., Cosgrove P. C. and Robinson G. (1942) A preliminary report of an outbreak of kala-azar in a battalion of East African Rifles. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 25–31.
Dedet J. P., Derouin F. and Cornet M. (1978) Infestation spontanée de Phlebotomus duboscqi pardes promastigotes de Leishmania Senegal. C. r. Sci., Paris D 286, 301–302.
Duckhouse D. A. and Lewis D. J. (1980) Farm Psychodidae. In Catalogue of the Díptera of the Afrotropical Region (Edited by Crosskey R. W.), pp. 93–105. British Museum of Natural History, London.
Feng L. C. (1951) The role of the peritrophic membrane in Leishmania and trypanosome infections of sandflies. Peking nat. Hist. Bull. 19, 327–334.
Heisch R. B. (1954) Studies in leishmaniasis in East Africa. 1 The epidemiology of an outbreak of kala-azar in Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 48, 450–464.
Heisch R. B. (1955a) The vector of an outbreak of kala-azar in Kenya. Nature, Lond. 175, 433.
Heisch R. B. (1955b) Leptomonads from experimentally infected sandfly. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 49, 305.
Heisch R. B. (1958) On Leishmania adleri sp. Nov. from lacertid lizards (Latastia sp.) in Kenya. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 52, 68–71.
Heisch R. B., Guggisberg C. A. W. and Teesdale C. (1956) Studies in leishmaniasis in East Africa. II. The sandflies of the Kitui Kala-azar area in Kenya, with description of six new species. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 50, 209–226.
Heisch R. B., Wijers D. J. B. and Minier D. M. (1962) In pursuit of the vectors of kala-azar in Kenya. Br. med. J. 1, 1456–1458.
Kaddu J. B. and Mutinga M. J. (1981) Leishmania in Kenyan Phlebotomine sandflies-1. Leishmania aethiopica in the midgut of naturally infected Phlebotomus pedifer. Insect Sci. Applic. 2, 245–250.
Kaddu J. B. and Mutinga M. J. (1982) Leishmanial parasites in unusual sites of development in invertebrate hosts: a possible diagnostic tool. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Medical Scientific Conference, pp. 195–197. Kemri & Ketri, Nairobi, Kenya.
Kaddu J. B. and Mutinga M. J. (1984) Leishmania in Kenyan Phlebotomine sandflies—II. Infection in the malpighianian tubules of Sergentomyia garnhami and S. antennatus. Insect Sci. Applic. 5, 239–243.
Killick-Kendrick R. (1979) Biology of Leishmania in phlebotomine sandflies. In Biology of the Kinetoplastida (Edited by Lumsden W. H. R. and Evans D. A.), Vol. 2. Academic Press, London.
Killick-Kendrick R. and Ward R. D. (1981) Ecology of Leishmania. Parasitology 82, 143–152.
Killick-Kendrick R., Lainson R., Leaney A. J., Ward R. D. and Shaw J. J. (1977) Promastigotes of Leishmania b. braziliensis in the gut wall of a natural vector, Psychodopygus wellcomei. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 71, 381.
Lainson R. and Shaw J. J. (1979) The role of animals in the Epidemiology of South American Leishmaniasis. In Biology of the Kinetoplastida (Edited by Lumsden W. H. R. and Evans D. A.), Vol. 2, pp. 1–116. Academic Press, London.
Lewis D. J. (1982) A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae). Bull Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Ent. 45, 121–209.
Lewis D. J., Mutinga M. J. and Ashford R. W. (1972) Phlebotomus longipes Parrot and Martin (Diptera: Psychodidae) and a new related species. J. Ent. B41, 119–124.
Lewis D. J., Young D. G., Fairchild D. G. and Minter D. M. (1977) Proposal for a stable classification of the phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Syst. Ent. 2, 319–332.
Manson-Bahr P. E. C. (1955) Leishmania skin lesions. Primary sore. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 49, 304–305.
Manson-Bahr P. E. C., Southgate B. A. and Harvey A. E. C. (1963) Development of kala-azar in Man after inoculation with a Leishmania from a Kenyan sandfly. Br. med. J. 1, 1280-1210.
Minter D. M. (1964) The distribution of sandflies (Diptera Psychodidae) in Kenya. Bull. ent. Res. 55, 205–217.
Minter D. M., Wijers D. J. B., Heisch R. B. and Manson-Bahr P. E. C. (1962) Phlebotomus martini-a probable vector of kala-azar in Kenya. Br. med. J. 11, 835.
Molyneux D. H., Killick-Kendrick R. and Ward R. W. (1975) Leishmania in Phlebotomid sandflies III. The ultrastructure of Leishmania mexicana amazanensis in the midgut and phrynx of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Proc. R. Soc. 190, 341–357.
Mutinga M. J. (1971) Phlebotomus longipes a vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg. 65, 106.
Mutinga M. J. and Ngoka J. M. (1978) Incrimination of the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya. E. Afr. med. J. 55, 338–340.
Mutinga M. J. and Ngoka J. M. (1981) Suspected vectors of lizard leishmaniasis in Kenya and their possible role in partial immunization of the human population against Leishmania donovani in kala-azar endemic areas. Insect Sci. Applic. 2, 207–210.
Mutinga M. J. and Odhiambo T. R. (1982) Studies on infection rates of human-baited anthropophilic sandflies in Machakos District, Kenya. Insect Sci. Applic. 3, 211–214.
Mutinga M. J., Kaddu J. B., Arap Siongok T. K. and Sang D. K. (1982) Leishmanial infection rates in varions Phlebotomine species of Sandflies in Kenya. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Medical Scientific Conference, pp. 191–194. Kemri & Ketri, Nairobi, Kenya.
Mutinga M. J., Kaddu J. B. and Kyai F. M. (1983) Studies on vectors of Leishmania major in Kenya. In Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Parasitology, p. 57.
Peters W., Chance M. L., Mutinga M. J., Ngoka J. M. and Schnur L. F. (1977) The identification of human and animal isolates of Leishmania from Kenya. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 71, 501–502.
Schnur L. F. and Zuckerman A. (1977) Leishmanial excreted factor (EF) serotypes in Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 71, 283–294.
Wijers D. J. B. and Minter D. M. (1962) Studies on the vectors of kala-azar in Kenya. 1. Entomological evidence. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 55, 462–472.
Wijers D. J. B. and Kiilu G.,(1984) Studies on the vectors of kala-azar in Kenya, VIII. The outbreak in Machakos district; epidemiological features and possible way of control. Ann. trop. Med. Parasit. 78, 597–604.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1964) Technical Report Series, No. 701, p. 139, Geneva.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kaddu, J.B. Leishmania in Kenyan Phlebotomine Sandflies—III. Int J Trop Insect Sci 7, 207–212 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400008973
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742758400008973