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Female aggression in red deer: Does it indicate competition for mates?

Aggressives Verhalten bei Rotwildkühen: Ein Zeichen für Konkurrenz unter Weibchen um potentielle Paarungen?

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Abstract

Female-female competition over mates is often considered of minor importance, particularly in polygynous species. In red deer (Cervus elaphus), female-female aggression within harems during the breeding season has not been studied to date. Herein, we examined if oestrous female red deer in harems show elevated aggression rates, compared to when they are in harems but not in oestrous, and also when they are in foraging groups outside of the breeding season. Any increased levels of aggression involving oestrous females, could indicate the potential for female-female competition for mates in this species. We found that aggressive interactions among female red deer were clearly evident. The most common forms of aggression were displacements, nose threats and kicking. Biting and ear threats occurred less frequently, and chases were rare. There were no differences in the proportion of the different aggression types in the three social contexts. More importantly, we found that the highest overall rates of aggression were for oestrous females in harems, and for females in foraging groups. The lowest rates of aggression were found in harems (when the focal female was not in oestrous). If high rates of aggression also occur when several females are simultaneously in oestrous within single harems, then it is possible that this aggression could affect either mate choice or mating order. These results suggest that female-female competition over mates could play a role in the mating behaviour of red deer.

Zusammenfassung

Die Konkurrenz unter Weibchen um potentielle Paarungen wird oftmals als nicht relevant erachtet, vor allem bei polygynen Arten. Beim Rothirsch (Cervus elaphus) wurden bis heute keine Studien über weibliche Aggressivitäten in Harems während der Paarungszeit durchgeführt. In unserer Studie haben wir untersucht, ob Rothirschkühe im Harem und im Oestrus höhere Aggressionsraten aufweisen als Kühe im Harem, die aber nicht im Oestrus sind, oder Kühe in Kahlwildrudeln ausserhalb der Paarungszeit. Erhöhte Aggressivität bei Rothirschkühen, die im Oestrus sind, kann als Zeichen für Konkurrenz unter Weibchen um potentielle Paarungen gedeutet werden. Aggressive Interaktionen zwischen Rothirschkühen fanden häufig statt während unserer Studie. Die meistverbreiteten Aggressivitäten waren Verdrängungen, Drohgebärden mit dem Äser und Tritte. Bisse und Drohgebärden mit den Ohren fanden weniger häufig statt und Verfolgungen waren selten. Wir fanden keinen Unterschied in der Häufigkeit der verschiedenen Aggressivitätsformen zwischen den drei verschiedenen sozialen Kontexten. Es konnte jedoch gezeigt werden, dass Rothirschkühe im Harem und im Oestrus sowie Kühe in Kahlwildrudeln ausserhalb der Paarungszeit die höchsten Aggressionsraten aufweisen. Die tiefsten Aggressionsraten wurden in Harems gefunden, wenn das Fokustier nicht im Oestrus war. Falls hohe Aggressionsraten auch auftreten, wenn mehrere Weibchen gleichzeitig im Oestrus sind innerhalb eines einzelnen Harems, dann ist es möglich, dass diese Aggressivität die Partnerwahl oder die Reihenfolge der Paarungen beeinflusst. Diese Studie zeigt auf, dass die Konkurrenz unter Weibchen um potentielle Paarungen eine wichtige Rolle beim Paarungsverhalten des Rotwildes spielen kann.

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Bebié, N., McElligott, A.G. Female aggression in red deer: Does it indicate competition for mates?. Mamm Biol 71, 347–355 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.008

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