Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health threat in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) with many challenges that limit its prevention and control. To understand how to meet these challenges, this study calculated the TB incidence rates (IRs) in KSA from 2005 to 2012, which were stratified by nationality, sex, and administrative regions. Furthermore, laboratory capabilities were assessed by determining the proportion of laboratory-confirmed TB cases. The overall TB IRs decreased from 15.80/100,000 population in 2005 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 15.29– 16.31] to 13.16/100,000 population in 2012 (95% CI = 12.74–13.58). The IRs were greater for males than for females from 2009 to 2012. The IRs of non-Saudis were approximately two times those of Saudis during the study period. Mecca had greater IR during the study period compared with other regions [25.13/100,000 (95% CI = 24.7–25.56)]. Among non-Saudis, those from Indonesia and Yemen had the greatest proportion of TB cases (15.4% and 12.9%, respectively). Individuals <15 years of age comprised 14.2% of the TB cases. Employed non-Saudis had the greatest proportion of TB (32%), followed by unemployed Saudis (22.38%). The proportion of laboratory-confirmed cases of reported TB was 57% from 2005 to 2012. For effective prevention and control, TB screening should be implemented for non-Saudi workers at ports of entry and laboratory-screening capacity for TB should be evaluated.
Article PDF
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Harries AD, Dye C. Tuberculosis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2006;100:415–31.
World Health Organization (WHO). Tuberculosis. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2017. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/ [Last accessed August 8, 2017].
World Health Organization (WHO). Global Health Observatory data: tuberculosis (TB). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/gho/tb/en/ [Last accessed August 8, 2017].
Memish ZA, Bamgboye EA, Abuljadayel N, Smadi H, Abouzeid MS, Al Hakeem RF. Incidence of and risk factors associated with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia (2010–2011). PLoS One 2014;9:e95654.
Asaad AM, Alqahtani JM. Primary anti-tuberculous drugs resistance of pulmonary tuberculosis in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health 2012;5:281–5.
Al-Orainey I, Alhedaithy MA, Alanazi AR, Barry MA, Almajid FM. Tuberculosis incidence trends in Saudi Arabia over 20 years: 1991–2010. Ann Thorac Med 2013;8:148–52.
Abouzeid MS, Al RF, Memish ZA. Mortality among tuberculosis patients in Saudi Arabia (2001–2010). Ann Saudi Med 2013;33:247–52.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for treatment of tuberculosis (WHO reference number WHO/HTM/TB/2009.420). 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2010.
Abouzeid MS, Zumla AI, Felemban S, Alotaibi B, O’Grady J, Memish ZA. Tuberculosis trends in Saudis and non-Saudis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia—a 10 year retrospective study (2000–2009). PLoS One 2012;7:e39478.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Peer review under responsibility of Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia.
Rights and permissions
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://doi.org/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
About this article
Cite this article
Almutairi, F.M., Tayeb, T., Alhakeem, R. et al. Distribution and determinants of tuberculosis in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2012. J Epidemiol Glob Health 7 (Suppl 1), S23–S28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.08.002
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2017.08.002