Abstract
This article presents the design, construction, and test results of a linear ion trap, fabricated using digital light processing (DLP), which is a low-cost 3D layer-based manufacturing technique. The ion trap was incorporated into a portable mass spectrometer system and experimental mass spectrum was obtained for methamphetamine (m/z 182), cocaine (m/z 304), and rhodamine B (m/z 443), with a maximum observed resolution (FWHM) of 260. For rhodamine B, tandem MS capability is also demonstrated. The mass range (and resolution at higher m/z) of the instrument is also demonstrated by spectrum obtained from Ultramark (m/z 1621). The spectra obtained for the DLP trap occur at a considerably lower rf voltage than a rectilinear ion trap of similar size, which is a consequence of the hyperbolic electrode geometry and, hence, smaller r 0 in the DLP case. High mass range with low voltage operation is especially important with regard to ‘in the field’ applications requiring low power consumption for extended periods of operation.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Eckenrode, B. A. Environmental and Forensic Applications of Field-Portable GC-MS: An Overview. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2001, 12, 683–693.
Blain, M. G.; Riter, L. S.; Cruz, D.; Austin, D. E.; Wu, G.; Plass, W. R.; Cooks, R. G. Towards the Hand-Held Mass Spectrometer: Design Considerations, Simulation, and Fabrication of Micrometer-Scaled Cylindrical Ion Traps. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2004, 236, 91–104.
Ferran, R. J.; Boumsellek, S. High-Pressure Effects in Miniature Arrays of Quadrupole Analyzers for Residual Gas Analysis from 10−9 to 10−2 Torr. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 1996, 14, 1258–1265.
Taylor, S.; Tindall, R. F.; Syms, R. R. A. Silicon-Based Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Using Microelectromechanical Systems. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 2001, 19, 557–562.
Geear, M.; Syms, R. R. A.; Wright, S.; Holmes, A. S. Monolithic MEMS Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers by Deep Silicon Etching. IEEE/ASME J. Microelectromech. Syst. 2005, 14, 1156–1166.
Yoon, H. J.; Kim, J. H.; Choi, E. S.; Yang, S. S.; Jung, K. W. Fabrication of a Novel Micro Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer. Sensors Actuators A 2002, 97/98, 441–447.
Wapelhorst, E.; Hauschild, J. P.; Müller, J. Complex MEMS: A Fully Integrated TOF Micro Mass Spectrometer. Sensors Actuators A 2007, 138, 22–27.
Hauschild, J. P.; Wapelhorst, E.; Müller, J. The Novel Synchronous Ion Shield Mass Analyzer. J. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 44, 1330–1337.
Pau, S.; Pai, C. S.; Low, Y. L.; Moxom, J.; Reilly, P. T. A.; Whitten, W. B.; Ramsey, J. M. Microfabricated Quadrupole Ion Trap for Mass Spectrometer Applications. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2006, 96, 120801.
Lammert, S. A.; Rockwood, A. A.; Wang, M.; Lee, M. L.; Lee, E. D.; Tolley, S. E.; Oliphant, J. R.; Jones, J. L.; Waite, R. W. Miniature Toroidal Radio Frequency Ion Trap Mass Analyzer. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 17, 916–922.
Cruz, D.; Chang, J. P.; Fico, M.; Guymon, A. J.; Austin, D. E.; Blain, M. G. Design Microfabrication, and Analysis of Micrometer-Sized Cylindrical Ion Trap Arrays. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 2007, 78, 015107.
Austin, D. E.; Peng, Y.; Hansen, B. J.; Miller, I. W.; Rockwood, A. L.; Hawkins, A. R.; Tolley, S. E. Novel Ion Traps Using Planar Resistive Electrodes: Implications for Miniaturized Mass Analyzers. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2008, 19, 1435–1441.
Badman, E. R.; Johnson, R. C.; Plass, W. R.; Cooks, R. G. A Miniature Cylindrical Quadrupole Ion Trap: Simulation and Experiment. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 4896–4901.
Van Amerom, F. H. W.; Chaudhary, A.; Cardenas, M.; Bumgarner, J.; Short, R. T. Microfabrication of Cylindrical Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Arrays for Handheld Chemical Analyzers. Chem. Eng. Comm. 2008, 195, 98–114.
Ouyang, Z.; Gao, L.; Fico, M.; Chappell, W. J.; Noll, R. J.; Cooks, R. G. Quadrupole Ion Traps and Trap Arrays: Geometry, Material, Scale, Performance. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 13, 13–18.
Wong, M.; Tsopanos, S.; Sutcliffe, C. J.; Owen, E. Selective Laser Melting of Heat Transfer Devices. Rapid Prototyping J. 2007, 13, 291–297.
Karania, R.; Kazmer, D. Low Volume Plastics Manufacturing Techniques. J. Mech. Des. 2007, 129, 1225–1233.
Grimm, T. User’s Guide to Rapid Prototyping; Society of Manufacturing Engineers: Dearborn, 2004; p. 52.
Brkić, B.; France, N.; Clare, A. T.; Sutcliffe, C. J.; Chalker, P. R.; Taylor, S. Development of Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers Using Rapid Prototyping Technology. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2009, 20, 1359–1365.
Fico, M.; Yu, M.; Ouyang, Z.; Cooks, R. G.; Chappell, W. J. Miniaturization and Geometry Optimization of a Polymer-Based Rectilinear Ion Trap. Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 8076–8082.
Sager, B.; Rosen, D. W. Use of Parameter Estimation for Stereolithography Surface Finish Improvement. Rapid Prototyping J. 2008, 14, 213–220.
Brubaker, W. M.; Chamberlin, W. S. Theoretical and Experimental Comparisons of Quadrupole Mass Analyzers with Round and Hyperbolic Field-Forming Surfaces. NASA Report 1970.
Gibson, J. R.; Taylor, S. Prediction of Quadrupole Mass Filter Performance for Hyperbolic and Circular Cross Section Electrodes. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2000, 14, 1669–1673.
Griffiths, J. A Mass Spectrometer in Every Hand. Anal. Chem. 2008, 80, 7904.
Schwartz, J. C.; Senko, M. W.; Syka, J. E. P. A Two-Dimensional Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2002, 13, 659–669.
March, R. E.; Todd, J. F. Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience: New York, 2005; p. 108.
Brkić, B.; Taylor, S.; Ralph, J. F.; France, N. High-Fidelity Simulations of Ion Trajectories in Miniature Ion Traps Using the Boundary-Element Method. Phys. Rev. A 2006, 73, 012326.
March, R. E. An Introduction to Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 1997, 32, 351–369.
Berkeland, D. J.; Miller, J. D.; Bergquist, J. C.; Itano, W. M.; Wineland, D. J. Minimization of Ion Micromotion in a Paul Trap. J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 83, 5025–5033.
Moini, M. Ultramark 1621 as a Calibration/Reference Compound for Mass Spectrometry: II. Positive- and Negative-Ion Electrospray Ionization. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 1994, 8, 711–714.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Published online November 5, 2009
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Clare, A.T., Gao, L., Brkić, B. et al. Linear ion trap fabricated using rapid manufacturing technology. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 21, 317–322 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2009.10.020
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasms.2009.10.020