References
Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer 1998;8310:2049–2053.
Peters JH, Hagen JA, DeMeester SR. Barrett’s esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg 2004;8:1–17.
Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;34011:825–831.
Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Nyren O. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med 1999;13011:883–890.
Goh KL, Chang CS, Fock KM, Ke M, Park HJ, Lam SK. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000;15:230–238.
Graham DY. The changing epidemiology of GERD: Geography and Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1462–1470.
Provenzale D, Kemp JA, Arora S, Wong JB. A guide for surveillance of patients with Barrett’s esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:670–680.
Peters JH, Clark GW, Ireland AP, Chandrasoma P, Smyrk TC, DeMeester TR. Outcome of adenocarcinoma arising in Barrett’s esophagus in endoscopically surveyed and nonsurveyed patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 108:813–21; discussion 821–2.
Spechler SJ, Barr H. Screening and surveillance of Barrett’s oesophagus: What is a cost-effective framework? [Review] Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19(Suppl 1):49–53.
Catalano MF, Sivak MV Jr, Rice T, Gragg LA, Van Dam J. Endosonographic features predictive of lymph node metastasis. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:442–446.
Rosch T. Endosonographic staging of esophageal cancer: A review of literature results. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 1995;5:537–547.
Reed CE, Mishra G, Sahai AV, Hoffman BJ, Hawes RH. Esophageal cancer staging: Improved accuracy by endoscopic ultrasound of celiac lymph nodes. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:319–321.
Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Norton ID, Clain JE, et al. Impact of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration on lymph node staging in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:751–757.
Natsugoe S, Yoshinaka H, Shimada M, et al. Assessment of cervical lymph node metastasis in esophageal carcinoma using ultrasonography. Ann Surg 1999;229:62–66.
Parmar KS, Zwischenberger JB, Reeves AL, Waxman I. Clinical impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration of celiac axis lymph nodes M1a disease. in esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:916–920.
Luketich JD, Schauer PR, Meltzer CC, et al. Role of positron emission tomography in staging esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:765–769.
Flamen P, Lerut A, Van Cutsem E, et al. Utility of positron emission tomography for the staging of patients with potentially operable esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2000; 1818:3202–3210.
Lerut T, Flamen P, Ectors N, et al. Histopathologic validation of lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction: A prospective study based on primary surgery with extensive lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 2000;232:743–752.
Luketich JD, Friedman DM, Weigel TL, et al. Evaluation of distant metastases in esophageal cancer: 100 consecutive positron emission tomography scans. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:1133–1136.
Wallace MB, Nietert PJ, Earle C, et al. An analysis of multiple staging management strategies for carcinoma of the esophagus: Computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and thoracoscopy/laparoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:1026–1032.
Stein HJ, Kraemer SJ, Feussner H, Fink U, Siewert JR. Clinical value of diagnostic laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound in patients with cancer of the esophagus or cardia. J Gastrointest Surg 1997;1:167–173.
Krasna MJ, Reed CE, Nedzwiecki D, et al. CALGB 9380: A prospective trial of the feasibility of thoracoscopy/laparoscopy in staging esophageal cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71:1073–1079.
Rice TW, Blackstone EH, Rybicki LA, et al. Refining esophageal cancer staging. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:1103–1113.
Korst RJ, Rusch VW, Venkatraman E, et al. Proposed revision of the staging classification for esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:660–669.
Frizzell B, Sinha D, Williams T, Reed CE, Sherman CA, Turrisi A. Influence of celiac axis lymph nodes in the definitive treatment of esophageal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2003; 26:215–220.
Stein HJ, Brucher BL, Sendler A, Siewert JR. Esophageal cancer: Patient evaluation and pre-treatment staging. Surg Oncol 2001;10:103–111.
Baron TH. Expandable metal stents for the treatment of cancerous obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. N Engl J Med 2001;34422:1681–1687.
Entwistle JW III, Goldberg M. Multimodality therapy for resectable cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:1009–1015.
Hagen JA, DeMeester SR, Peters JH, Chandrasoma P, De- Meester TR. Curative resection for esophageal adenocarcinoma: Analysis of 100 en bloc esophagectomies. Ann Surg 2001;234:520–530.
Law S, Kwong DL, Kwok KF, et al. Improvement in treatment results and long-term survival of patients with esophageal cancer: Impact of chemoradiation and change in treatment strategy. Ann Surg 2003;238:339–348.
Ando N, Ozawa S, Kitagawa Y, Shinozawa Y, Kitajima M. Improvement in the results of surgical treatment of advanced squamous esophageal carcinoma during 15 consecutive years. Ann Surg 2000;232:225–232.
Altorki N, Kent M, Ferrara C, Port J. Three-fleld lymph node dissection for squamous cell and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg 2002;236:177–183.
Siewert JR, Stein HJ, Feith M, Bruecher BL, Bartels H, Fink U. Histologic tumor type is an independent prognostic parameter in esophageal cancer: Lessons from more than 1,000 consecutive resections at a single center in the Western world. Ann Surg 2001;234:360–367.
Shao L, Gao Z, Wei GQ. Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia: 34-Year investigation. Chin J Surg 2001;39:44–46.
Li H, Yao SC. Surgical treatment for carcinoma of the oesophagus in Chinese language publications. Br J Surg 1997;84:855–857.
Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Party. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;3599319:1727–1733.
Bailey SH, Bull DA, Harpole DH, et al. Outcomes after esophagectomy: A ten-year prospective cohort. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;75:217–222.
Law SY, Fok M, Wong J. Risk analysis in resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. World J Surg 1994; 18:339–346.
Bartels H, Stein HJ, Siewert JR. Preoperative risk analysis and postoperative mortality of oesophagectomy for resectable oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 1998;85:840–844.
Pye JK, Crumplin MK, Charles J, Kerwat R, Foster ME, Biffin A. One-year survey of carcinoma of the oesophagus and stomach in Wales. Br J Surg 2001;88:278–285.
Bachmann MO, Alderson D, Edwards D, et al. Cohort study in South and West England of the influence of specialization on the management and outcome of patients with oesophageal and gastric cancers. Br J Surg 2002;89:914–922.
Hospital Authority Hong Kong. Clinical Audit on Esophagectomy and Hepatectomy in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hospital Authority Hong Kong 2002.
Akiyama H, Tsurumaru M, Udagawa H, Kajiyama Y. Radical lymph node dissection for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. Ann Surg 1994;220:364–372.
Fujita H, Kakegawa T, Yamana H, et al. Mortality and morbidity rates, postoperative course, quality of life, and prognosis after extended radical lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer. Comparison of three-fleld lymphadenectomy with two-fleld lymphadenectomy. Ann Surg 1995;222:654–662.
Liu JF, Wang QZ, Hou J. Surgical treatment for cancer of the oesophagus and gastric cardia in Hebei, China. Br J Surg 2004;91:90–98.
Law S, Wong J. Does lymphadenectomy add anything to the treatment of esophageal cancer? Adv Surg 1999;33:311–327.
Law S,WongJ. What is appropriate treatment for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus? World J Surg 2001;25:189–195.
Orringer MB, Marshall B, Iannettoni MD. Transhiatal esophagectomy: Clinical experience and refinements. Ann Surg 1999;230:392–400.
Katariya K, Harvey JC, Pina E, Beattie EJ. Complications of transhiatal esophagectomy. J Surg Oncol 1994;57:157–163.
Hulscher JB, Tijssen JG, Obertop H, van Lanschot JJ. Transthoracic versus transhiatal resection for carcinoma of the esophagus: A meta-analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:306–313.
Rindani R, Martin CJ, Cox MR. Transhiatal versus Ivor-Lewis oesophagectomy: Is there a difference? Aust N Z J Surg 1999;69:187–194.
Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, de Boer AG, et al. Extended transthoracic resection compared with limited transhiatal resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 2002;34721:1662–1669.
Chu KM, Law SY, Fok M, Wong J. A prospective randomized comparison of transhiatal and transthoracic resection for lower-third esophageal carcinoma. Am J Surg 1997;174:320–324.
Goldminc M, Maddern G, Le Prise E, Meunier B, Campion JP, Launois B. Oesophagectomy by a transhiatal approach or thoracotomy: A prospective randomized trial. Br J Surg 1993;80:367–370.
Jacobi CA, Zieren HU, Muller JM, Pichlmaier H. Surgical therapy of esophageal carcinoma: The influence of surgical approach and esophageal resection on cardiopulmonary function. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997;11:32–37.
Law S, Wong J. Use of minimally invasive oesophagectomy for cancer of the oesophagus. Lancet Oncol 2002;3:215–222.
Law S, Fok M, ChuKM,Wong J. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surgery 1997;122:8–14.
Law SY, Fok M, Wei WI, et al. Thoracoscopic esophageal mobilization for pharyngolaryngoesophagectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:418–422.
Peracchia A, Rosati R, Fumagalli U, Bona S, Chella B. Thoracoscopic dissection of the esophagus for cancer. Int Surg 1997;82:1–4.
Gossot D, Cattan P, Fritsch S, Halimi B, Sarfati E, Celerier M. Can the morbidity of esophagectomy be reduced by the thoracoscopic approach? Surg Endosc 1995;910:1113–1115.
Kawahara K, Maekawa T, Okabayashi K, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc 1999;13:218–223.
Akaishi T, Kaneda I, Higuchi N, et al. Thoracoscopic en bloc total esophagectomy with radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:1533–1540.
Collard JM, Lengele B, Otte JB, Kestens PJ. En bloc and standard esophagectomies by thoracoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:675–679.
Dexter SP, Martin IG, McMahon MJ. Radical thoracoscopic esophagectomy for cancer. Surg Endosc 1996;10:147–151.
Osugi H, Takemura M, Higashino M, Takada N, Lee S, Kinoshita H. A comparison of video-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy and radical lymph node dissection for squamous cell cancer of the oesophagus with open operation. Br J Surg 2003;90:108–113.
Cuschieri A. Thoracoscopic subtotal oesophagectomy. Endosc Surg Allied Technol 1994;2:21–25.
Smithers BM, Gotley DC, McEwan D, Martin I, Bessell J, Doyle L. Thoracoscopic mobilization of the esophagus. A 6 year experience. Surg Endosc 2001;15:176–182.
Luketich JD, Alvelo-Rivera M, Buenaventura PO, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy: Outcomes in 222 patients. Ann Surg 2003;238:486–494.
Nguyen NT, Follette DM, Wolfe BM, Schneider PD, Roberts P, Goodnight JE. Comparison of minimally invasive esophagectomy with transthoracic and transhiatal esophagectomy. Arch Surg 2000;135:920–925.
Nguyen NT, Roberts P, Follette DM, Rivers R, Wolfe BM. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy for benign and malignant disease: Lessons learned from 46 consecutive procedures. J Am Coll Surg 2003;197:902–913.
DePaula AL, Hashiba K, Ferreira EA, DePaula RA, Grecco E. Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with esophagogastroplasty. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1995;5:1–5.
Swanstrom LL. Minimally invasive surgical approaches to esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2002;6:522–526.
Bonavina L, Bona D, Binyom PR, Peracchia A. A laparoscopy-assisted surgical approach to esophageal carcinoma. J Surg Res 2004;117:52–57.
McAnena OJ, Rogers J, Williams NS. Right thoracoscopically assisted oesophagectomy for cancer. Br J Surg 1994; 81:236–238.
Bumm R, Feussner H, Bartels H, et al. Radical transhiatal esophagectomy with two-fleld lymphadenectomy and endodissection for distal esophageal adenocarcinoma. World J Surg 1997;21:822–831.
Akaishi T, Kaneda I, Higuchi N, et al. Thoracoscopic en bloc total esophagectomy with radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:1533–1540.
Taguchi S, Osugi H, Higashino M, et al. Comparison of three-fleld esophagectomy for esophageal cancer incorporating open or thoracoscopic thoracotomy. Surg Endosc 2003;17:1445–1450.
Tsui SL, Law S, Fok M, et al. Postoperative analgesia reduces mortality and morbidity after esophagectomy. Am J Surg 1997;173:472–478.
Osugi H, TakemuraM, HigashinoM, et al. Learning curve of video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy and extensive lymphadenectomy for squamous cell cancer of the thoracic esophagus and results. Surg Endosc 2003;17:515–519.
Law S, Wong J. Two-fleld dissection is enough for esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2001;14:98–103.
Lam KY, Ma LT, Wong J. Measurement of extent of spread of oesophageal squamous carcinoma by serial sectioning. J Clin Pathol 1996;49:124–129.
Law S, Arcilla C, Chu KM, Wong J. The significance of histologically infiltrated resection margin after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Am J Surg 1998;176:286–290.
Sagar PM, Johnston D, McMahon MJ, Dixon MF, Quirke P. Significance of circumferential resection margin involvement after oesophagectomy for cancer. Br J Surg 1993; 8011:1386–1388.
Dexter SP, Sue-Ling H, McMahon MJ, Quirke P, Mapstone N, Martin IG. Circumferential resection margin involvement: An independent predictor of survival following surgery for oesophageal cancer. Gut 2001;48:667–670.
Altorki N, Skinner D. Should en bloc esophagectomy be the standard of care for esophageal carcinoma? Ann Surg 2001;234:581–587.
Clark GW, Peters JH, Ireland AP, et al. Nodal metastasis and sites of recurrence after en bloc esophagectomy for adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:646–653.
Hagen JA, Peters JH, DeMeester TR. Superiority of extended en bloc esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma of the lower esophagus and cardia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106:850–858.
Lerut T, CoosemansW,De Leyn P, et al. Reflections on three fleld lymphadenectomy in carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction.Hepatogastroenterology 1999;4626:717–725.
Barbier PA, Luder PJ, Schupfer G, Becker CD, Wagner HE. Quality of life and patterns of recurrence following transhiatal esophagectomy for cancer: Results of a prospective follow-up in 50 patients. World J Surg 1988;12:270–276.
Law SY, Fok M, Wong J. Pattern of recurrence after oesophageal resection for cancer: Clinical implications. Br J Surg 1996; 83:107–111.
Dresner SM, Wayman J, Shenfine J, Harris A, Hayes N, Griffin SM. Pattern of recurrence following subtotal oesophagectomy with two fleld lymphadenectomy. Br J Surg 2000; 87:362–373.
Hulscher JB, van Sandick JW, Tijssen JG, Obertop H, van Lanschot JJ. The recurrence pattern of esophageal carcinoma after transhiatal resection. J Am Coll Surg 2000;191:143–148.
Isono K, Sato H, Nakayama K. Results of a nationwide study on the three flelds of lymph node dissection in esophageal cancer. Oncology 1991;48:411–420.
Kato H, Watanabe H, Tachmimori Y, Iizuka T. Evaluation of neck lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:931–935.
Nishihira T, Hirayama K, Mori S. A prospective randomized trial of extended cervical and superiormediastinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Am J Surg 1998; 175:47–51.
Tabira Y, YasunagaM, TanakaM, et al. Recurrent nerve nodal involvement is associated with cervical nodal metastasis in thoracic esophageal carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2000;191:232–237.
ShiozakiH, YanoM, Tsujinaka T, et al. Lymph nodemetastasis along the recurrent nerve chain is an indication for cervical lymph node dissection in thoracic esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2001;143-4:191–196.
Yoshioka S, Fujiwara Y, Sugita Y, et al. Real-time rapid reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for intraoperative diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis: Clinical application for cervical lymph node dissection in esophageal cancers. Surgery 2002;132:34–40.
Matsubara T, Ueda M, Takahashi T, Nakajima T, Nishi M. Localization of recurrent disease after extended lymph node dissection for carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J Am Coll Surg 1996;182:340–346.
Fujita H,KakegawaT, YamanaH, et al. Lymph nodemetastasis and recurrence in patients with a carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus who underwent three-fleld dissection.World J Surg 1994;18:266–272.
Watanabe H, Kato H, Tachimori Y. Significance of extended systemic lymph node dissection for thoracic esophageal carcinoma in Japan. Recent Results Cancer Res 2000;155:123–133.
Tachibana M, Kinugasa S, Yoshimura H, Dhar DK, Nagasue N. Extended esophagectomy with 3-fleld lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer. Arch Surg 2003;138:1383–1389.
Baba M, Aikou T, Natsugoe S, et al. Quality of life following esophagectomy with three-fleld lymphadenectomy for carcinoma, focusing on its relationship to vocal cord palsy. Dis Esophagus 1998;11:28–34.
Hosokawa M, ShiratoH, OharaM, et al. Intraoperative radiation therapy to the upper mediastinum and nerve-sparing three-fleld lymphadenectomy followed by external beam radiotherapy for patients with thoracic esophageal carcinoma. Cancer 1999;86:6–13.
Earlam R, Cunha-Melo JR. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: II. A critical review of radiotherapy. Br J Surg 1980; 67:457–461.
Newaishy GA, Read GA, Duncan W, Kerr GR. Results of radical radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinomaof the oesophagus. Clin Radiol 1982;33:347–352.
Pearson JG. The radiotherapy of carcinoma of the oesophagus and post cricoid region in South East Scotland. Clin Radiol 1966;17:242–257.
Shi XH, YaoW, Liu T. Late course accelerated fractionation in radiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Radiother Oncol 1999;51:21–26.
Earlam R. AnMRC prospective randomised trial of radiotherapy versus surgery for operable squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1991;73:8–12.
Sur RK, Donde B, Levin VC, Mannell A. Fractionated high dose rate intraluminal brachytherapy in palliation of advanced esophageal cancer. Int J RadiatOncol Biol Phys 1998;40:447–453.
Gaspar LE, Winter K, Kocha WI, Coia LR, Herskovic A, Graham M. A phase I/II study of external beam radiation, brachytherapy, and concurrent chemotherapy for patientswith localized carcinoma of the esophagus. RadiationTherapy Oncology Group Study 9207: Final report. Cancer 2000;88:988–995.
Gaspar LE, Nag S, Herskovic A, Mantravadi R, Speiser B. American Brachytherapy Society ABS. consensus guidelines for brachytherapy of esophageal cancer. Clinical Research Committee, American Brachytherapy Society, Philadelphia, PA. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;38:127–132.
Launois B, Delarue D, Campion JP, KerbaolM. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981;153:690–692.
Fok M, McShane J, Law SY, Wong J. A prospective randomized study on radiotherapy and surgery in the treatment of oesophageal carcinoma. Symposium on oesophageal carcinoma in the Asian-Pacific rim. Asian J Surg 1994;17:223–229.
Gignoux M, Roussel A, Paillot B, et al. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: Results of a study of the E.O.R.T.C. World J Surg 1987;11:426–432.
Wang M,Gu XZ, YinWB,Huang GJ,Wang LJ, ZhangDW. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: Report on 206 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1989;16:325–327.
Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Kerr GR, et al. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the oesophagus: Results of a randomized clinical trial. RadiotherOncol 1992;24:108–113.
Nygaard K, Hagen S, Hansen HS, et al. Pre-operative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: A randomized, multicenter study of pre-operative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J Surg 1992;16:1104–1109.
Arnott SJ, Duncan W, Gignoux M, et al. Preoperative Radiotherapy for Esophageal Carcinoma Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK:John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
Ténie`re P, Hay J-M, Fingerhut A, Fagniez P-L. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of themiddle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991;173:123–130.
FokM, ShamJS, Choy D, Cheng SW,Wong J. Postoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: A prospective, randomized controlled study. Surgery 1993;113:138–147.
Xiao ZF, Yang ZY, Liang J, et al. Value of radiotherapy after radical surgery for esophageal carcinoma: A report of 495 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;75:331–336.
Law S, Fok M, Chow S, Chu KM, Wong J. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: A prospective randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:210–217.
Roth JA, PassHI, FlanaganMM,GraeberGM,Rosenberg JC, Steinberg S. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1988;96:242–248.
Schlag PM. Randomized trial of preoperative chemotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Arch Surg 1992; 127:1446–1450.
Kok TC, van Lanschot JJ, Siersema PD, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy comparedwith surgery in esophageal squamous cell cancer. Can J Gastroenterol 1998;12(Suppl B):297.
Wang C, Ding T, Chang L. [A randomized clinical study of preoperative chemotherapy for esophageal carcinoma]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2001;23:254–255.
Maipang T, Vasinanukorn P, Petpichetchian C, et al. Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J Surg Oncol 1994;56:191–197.
BabaM,Natsugoe S, ShimadaM, et al. Prospective evaluation of preoperative chemotherapy in resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2000;13:136–141.
Ancona E, Ruol A, Santi S, et al. Only pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves significantly the long term survival of patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Final report of a randomized, controlled trial of preoperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone. Cancer 2001;91:2165–2174.
Kelsen DP, Ginsberg R, Pajak TF, et al. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1979–1984.
Malthaner R, Fenlon D. Preoperative Chemotherapy for Resectable Thoracic Esophageal Cancer Cochrane Review. The Cochrane Library. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004.
Japanese Esophageal Oncology Group. A comparison of chemotherapy and radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment to surgery for esophageal carcinoma. Chest 1993;104:203–207.
Ando N, Iizuka T, Kakegawa T, et al. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: The JapanClinical Oncology Group Study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:205–209.
Ando N, Iizuka T, Ide H, et al. Surgery plus chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: A Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study-JCOG9204. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:4592–4596.
Pouliquen X, Levard H, Hay JM, McGee K, Fingerhut A, Langlois ZO. 5-Fluorouracil and cisplatin therapy after palliative surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. A multicenter randomized trial. French Associations for Surgical Research. Ann Surg 1996;223:127–133.
LePriseE,EtiennePL,MeunierB, et al. Arandomizedstudy of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 1994;73:1779–1784.
Apinop C, Puttisak P, Preecha N. A prospective study of combined therapy in esophageal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:391–393.
Walsh TN, Noonan N, Hollywood D, Kelly A, Keeling N, Hennessy T. A comparison ofmultimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1996;335:462–467.
Bosset JF, Gignoux M, Triboulet JP, et al. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamouscell cancer of the esophagus. N Engl J Med 1997;337:161–167.
Lee J, Kim S, Jung H, et al. A single institutional phase III trial of preoperative chemotherapy with hyperfractionation radiotherapy plus surgery (CRT-S) versus surgery (S) alone for stage II, III resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma SCC: An interim analysis. [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:260.
Urba SG, Orringer MB, Turrisi A, Iannettoni M, Forastiere A, StrawdermanM. Randomized trial of preoperative chemoradiation versus surgery alone in patients with locoregional esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:305–313.
Burmeister B, Smithers B, Fitzgerald L, et al. A randomized phase III trial of preoperative chemoradiation followed by surgery (CR-S) versus surgery alone (S) for localized resectable cancer of the esophagus. [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002;21:130a.
Suntharalingam M, Moughan J, Coia LR, et al. The national practice for patients receiving radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: Results of the 1996–1999 Patterns of Care Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;56:981–987.
Minsky BD, PajakTF,Ginsberg RJ, et al. INT0123 Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 94-05. Phase III trial of combinedmodality therapy for esophageal cancer: High-dose versus standard-dose radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1167–1174.
Wong R, Malthaner R. Combined Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Without Surgery Compared With Radiotherapy Alone in Localized Carcinoma of the Esophagus. Cochrane Review. The Cochane Library. Chichester, UK: JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd, 2004:CD002092.
Coia LR, Minsky BD, John MJ, et al. The evaluation and treatment of patients receiving radiation therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: Results of the 1992–1994 Patterns of Care Study. Cancer 1999;85:2499–2505.
Coia LR, Minsky BD, Berkey BA, et al. Outcome of patients receiving radiation for cancer of the esophagus: Results of the 1992–1994 Patterns of Care Study. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:455–462.
Daly JM, FryWA, Little AG, et al. Esophageal cancer: Results of an American College of Surgeons Patient Care Evaluation Study. J Am Coll Surg 2000;190:562–572.
Gomi K, Oguchi M, Hirokawa Y, et al. Process and preliminary outcome of a patterns-of-care study of esophageal cancer in Japan: Patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;56:813–822.
Bedenne L, Michel P, Bouche O, et al. Randomized phase III trial in locally advanced esophageal cancer: Radiochemotherapy followed by surgery versus radiochemotherapy alone (FFCD 9102). [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002;21:130a.
Bonnetain F, Bedenne L, Michel P, et al. Definitive results of a comparative longitudinal quality of life study using the Spitzer index in the randomized multicentric phase III trial FFCD 9102 surgery vs radiochemotherapy in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:250.
Stahl M,Wilke H,Walz M, et al. Randomized phase III trial in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the esophagus: Chemoradiation with and without surgery. [abstr] Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003;22:250.
Cooper JS, Guo MD, Herskovic A, et al. Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer: long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial (RTOG 85-01). Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. JAMA 1999;281:1623–1627.
Ishikura S, Nihei K, Ohtsu A, et al. Long-term toxicity after definitive chemoradiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2697–2702.
Minsky BD, Neuberg D, Kelsen DP, et al. Final report of Intergroup Trial 0122 ECOGPE-289, RTOG90-12: Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus concurrent chemotherapy and high-dose radiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;43:517–523.
Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1128–1137.
Birkmeyer JD, Stukel TA, Siewers AE, Goodney PP, Wennberg DE, Lucas FL. Surgeon volume and operative mortality in the United States. NEngl J Med 2003;349:2117–2127.
Bates BA, Detterbeck FC, Bernard SA, Qaqish BF, Tepper JE. Concurrent radiation therapy and chemotherapy followed by esophagectomy for localized esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:156–163.
Jones DR, Parker LAJ, Detterbeck FC, Egan TM. Inadequacy of computed tomography in assessing patients with esophageal carcinoma after induction chemoradiotherapy. Cancer 1999;85:1026–1032.
Zuccaro G, Rice TW, Goldblum J, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound cannot determine suitability for esophagectomy after aggressive chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:906–912.
Weber WA, Ott K, Becker K, et al. Prediction of response to preoperative chemotherapy in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction by metabolic imaging. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3058–3065.
Wieder HA, Brucher BL, Zimmermann F, et al. Time course of tumor metabolic activity during chemoradiotherapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and response to treatment. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:900–908.
Izbicki JR, Hosch SB, Pichlmeier U, et al. Prognostic value of immunohistochemically identiflable tumor cells in lymph nodes of patients with completely resected esophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1188–1194.
Lam KY, Law S, Ma LT, Ong SK, Wong J. Pre-operative chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: Do histological assessment and p53 overexpression predict chemo-responsiveness? Eur J Cancer 1997;33:1221–1225.
Walsh TN, Grannell M, Mansoor S. Predictive factors for success of neo-adjuvant therapy in upper gastrointestinal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17(Suppl):S172-S175.
Law S, Wong J. New adjuvant therapies for esophageal cancer. Adv Surg 2001;35:271–295.
Nutting CM, Bedford JL, Cosgrove VP, Tait DM, Dearnaley DP, Webb S. A comparison of conformal and intensitymodulated techniques for oesophageal radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2001;61:157–163.
Ramirez FC, Dennert B, Zierer ST, Sanowski RA. Esophageal self-expandable metallic stents-Indications, practice, techniques, and complications: Results of a national survey. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:360–364.
Knyrim K, Wagner HJ, Bethge N, Keymling M, Vakil N. A controlled trial of an expansile metal stent for palliation of esophageal obstruction due to inoperable cancer. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1302–1307.
De Palma G, Di Matteo E, Romano G, Fimmano A, Rondinone G, Catanzano C. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: A controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:478–482.
Siersema PD, Hop WCJ, Dees J, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: A controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:113–120.
Kocher M, Dlouhy M, Neoral C, et al. Esophageal stent with antireflux valve for tumors involving the cardia: Work in progress. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:1007–1010.
Mayoral W, Fleischer D, Salcedo J, Roy P, Al Kawas F, Benjamin S. Nonmalignant obstruction is a common problem with metal stents in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:556–559.
Law S, Tung PH, Chu KM, Wong J. Self-expanding metallic stents for palliation of recurrent malignant esophageal obstruction after subtotal esophagectomy for cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:427–436.
Nicholson DA, Haycox A, Kay CL, Rate A, Attwood S, Bancewicz J. The cost effectiveness of metal oesophageal stenting in malignant disease compared with conventional therapy. Clin Radiol 1999;54:212–215.
Lightdale CJ, Heier SK, Marcon NE, et al. Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: A multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:507–512.
Litle VR, Luketich JD, Christie NA, et al. Photodynamic therapy as palliation for esophageal cancer: Experience in 215 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:1687–1692.
Law S. Chemoradiotherapy—Panacea for esophageal cancer? Commentary for Chemoradiotherapy of locally advanced esophageal cancer. Long-term follow-up of a prospective randomized trial RTOG 85-01. JAMA Southeast Asia 1999;15:9–11.
EllisFHJr,HeatleyGJ,KrasnaMJ,WilliamsonWA,BaloghK. Esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: a comparison of findings and results after standard resection in three consecutive eight-year intervals with improved staging criteria. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113(5):836–846.
Jamieson GG, Mathew G. Surgical management of esophageal cancer: The Western experience. In: Daly JM, Hennessy TPJ, Reynolds JV, editors, Management of upper gastrointestinal cancer. London: WB Saunders, 1999:183–199.
Karl RC, Schreiber R, Boulware D, Baker S, Coppola D. Factors affecting morbidity, mortality, and survival in patients undergoing Ivor Lewis esophagogastrectomy. Ann Surg 2000;231(5):635–643.
Collard JM, Otte JB, Fiasse R, et al. Skeletonizing en bloc esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Surg 2001;234(1):25–32.
Law S, Wong K, Kwok K, Chu K, Wong J. Predictive factors for postoperative pulmonary complications and mortality after esophagectomy for cancer. Ann Surg. In press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Law, S., Wong, J. Current management of esophageal cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 9, 291–310 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gassur.2004.06.007
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gassur.2004.06.007