Skip to main content
Log in

Plant-herbivore models, where more grass means fewer grazers

  • Published:
Bulletin of Mathematical Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Classical theory has led us to believe that where more grazing is available herbivores will inflict heavier pressure on the grass, thus keeping its height low. This approach is hotly debated, although still widely accepted. Based on field data collected, van der Koppel et al. [van der Koppel, J., Huisman, J., van der Wal, R., Olff, H., 1996. Patterns of herbivory along a productivity gradient: an empirical and theoretical investigation. Ecology 77, 736–745] contest the standard plant-herbivore models, arguing that herbivores do not ‘control’ the plant growth entirely, and propose two differential equation models. In this paper we describe briefly how van der Koppel et al. (1996) derive their uncontrolled plant-herbivore interaction models, and then expand on the specific mathematical results cited in their paper to provide a global overview of the dynamics of such systems, for a broad range of parameter values.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arnold, G., 1963. Factors within plant associations affecting the behaviour and performance of grazing animals. In: Crisp, D. (Ed.), Grazing in Terrestrial and Marine Environments. Blackwell Scientific, London, UK, pp. 133–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazely, D., Jefferies, R., 1986. Changes in the composition and standing crop of salt marsh communities in response to the removal of a grazer. J. Ecol. 74, 693–706.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cargill, S., Jefferies, R., 1984. The effects of grazing by lesser snow geese on the vegetation of a subarctic salt marsh. J. Appl. Ecol. 74, 669–686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacon, E., Stobbs, T., Dale, M., 1973. Influence of sward characteristics on grazing behaviour and growth of hereford steers grazing on tropical growth pastures. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 29, 89–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, E., Smoller, J., 1986. Global analysis of a system of predator-prey equations. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 46, 630–642.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, S.P., Courtney, S., 1982. The ‘edge effect’ in butterfly oviposition: causality in Anthocharis cardamines and related species. Ecol. Entomol. 7, 131–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobson, A., Crawley, M., 1994. Pathogens and the structure of plant communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9, 393–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doedel, E.J., Fairgrieve, T.F., Sandstede, B., Champneys, A.R., Kuznetsov, Y.A., Wang, X., 1998. AUTO97: continuation and bifurcation software for ordinary differential equations (with HomCont). ftp://ftp.cs.concordia.ca/puv/doedel/auto.

  • Fryxell, J., 1991. Forage quality and aggregation by large herbivores. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 48, 478–498.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillett, J.B., 1962. Pest pressure; an underestimated factor in evolution. Systematics Association, Taxonomy and Geography 4, 37–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Göbber, F., Willamowski, K.D., 1978. Liapunov approach to multiple Hopf bifurcation. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 71, 333–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hassard, B., Wan, Y.H., 1978. Bifurcation formulae derived from center manifold theory. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 63, 297–312.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Janzen, D.H., 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Naturalist 104, 501–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, D.W., Smith, P., 1990. Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations, 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kot, M., 2001. Elements of Mathematical Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunin, W.E., 1997. Population biology and rarity: on the complexity of density dependence in insect-plant interactions. In: Kunin, W.E., Gaston, K.J. (Eds.), The Biology of Rarity: Causes and Consequences of Rare-Common Differences. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 150–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunin, W.E., 1999. Patterns of herbivore incidence on experimental arrays and field populations of ragwort, Senecio jacobaea. OIKOS 84, 515–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuznetsov, Y.A., 1995. Elements of Applied Bifurcation Theory. Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loladze, I.L., Kuang, Y., Elser, J.J., 2000. Stoichiometry in producer-grazer systems: linking energy flow with element cycling. Bull. Math. Biol. 62, 1137–1162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ludlow, M., Stobbs, T., Davis, R., Charles-Edwards, D., 1982. Effect of sward structure of two tropical grasses with contrasting canopies on light distribution, net photosynthesis and size of bite harvested by grazing cattle. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 33, 187–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNaughton, S., 1984. Grazing lawns: animals in herds, plant form and coevolution. Am. Naturalist 124, 863–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, M., 1971. Selection of feeding site by white-fronted geese in winter. J. Appl. Ecol. 8, 905–917.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parsons, A., Leafe, E., Collett, B., Penning, P., Lewis, J., 1983. The physiology of grass production under grazing. ii. Photosynthesis, crop growth and animal intake of continuously grazes swards. J. Appl. Ecol. 20, 127–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenweig, M.L., 1971. Paradox of enrichment: destabilisation of exploitation ecosystems in ecological time. Science 171, 385–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruess, R., Hik, D., Jefferies, R., 1989. The role of the lesser snow geese as nitrogen processors in a sub-arctic salt marsh. Oecologia 79, 23–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stobbs, T., 1973a. The effect of plant structure on the intake of tropical pastures. i. Variation in the bite size of grazing cattle. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 24, 809–819.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stobbs, T., 1973b. The effect of plant structure on the intake of tropical pastures. ii. Differences in sward structure, nutritive value, and bite size of animals grazing Setaria anceps and Chloris gavana at various stages of growth. Aust. J. Agri. Res. 24, 821–829.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Koppel, J., Huisman, J., van der Wal, R., Olff, H., 1996. Patterns of herbivory along a productivity gradient: an empirical and theoretical investigation. Ecology 77, 736–745.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiggins, S., 1990. Introduction to Applied Nonlinear Dynamical Systems and Chaos. Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmhurst, J., Fryxell, J., Hudson, R., 1995. Forage quality and patch choice by wapiti (Cervus elaphus). Behav. Ecol. 6, 209–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolkowicz, G., 1988. Bifurcation analysis of a predator-prey system involving group defence. SIAM J. Appl. Math. 48, 592–606.

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D., 1988. Estimating rabbit density by counting rabbit pellets. Aust. Wildlife Res. 15, 665–671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Belinda Barnes.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Barnes, B., Sidhu, H. Plant-herbivore models, where more grass means fewer grazers. Bull. Math. Biol. 67, 33–55 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bulm.2004.06.001

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bulm.2004.06.001

Navigation