Abstract
Several species of the genus Passiflora are distributed all over South America, and many of these species are used in popular medicine, mainly as sedatives and tranquilizers. This study analyzes the chemical profile of extracts of four Passiflora species used in folk medicine, focusing on the flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. We employed simple and fast fingerprint analysis methods by high performance liquid chromatography, ultra performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis techniques. The analysis led to the detection and identification of C-glycosylflavonoids in all the plant extracts, these being the main constituents in P. tripartita var. mollissima and P. bogotensis. Saponins were observed only in P. alata and P. quadrangular is, while harmane alkaloids were not detected in any of the analyzed extracts in concentrations higher than 0.0187 ppm, the detection limit determined for the UPLC method.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Arbelaez, E.P., 1996. Plantas utiles de Colombia. Jardim Botânico José Celestino Nutis, Bogotá.
Birk, CD., Provensi, G., Gosmann, G., Reginatto, F.H., Schenkel, E.P., 2005. TLC fingerprint of flavonoids and saponins from Passiflora species. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 28, 2285–2291.
Coleta, M., Batista, M.T., Campos, M.G., Carvalho, R., Cotrim, M.D., Lima, T.C., Cunha, A.P., 2006. Neuropharmacological evaluation of the putative anxiolytic effects of Passiflora edulis Sims, its sub-fractions and flavonoid constituents. Phytother. Res. 20, 1067–1073.
Costa, G.M., Gazola, A.C., Madóglio, FA., Zucolotto, S.M., Reginatto, F.H., Castel-lanos, L., Duque, C., Ramos, FA., Schenkel, E.P., 2013. Vitexin derivatives as chemical markers in the differentiation of the closely related species Passiflora alata Curtis. and Passiflora quadrangularis Linn. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 36, 1697–1707.
Costa, G.M., Cárdenas, P.A., Gazola, A.C., Aragón, D.M., Castellanos, L., Reginatto, F.H., Ramos, FA., Schenkel, E.P., 2015. Isolation of C-glycosylflavonoids with a-glucosidase inhibitory activity from Passiflora bogotensis Benth by gradient high-speed counter-current chromatography. J. Chromatogr. B 990, 104–110.
Doyama, J.T., Rodrigues, H.G., Novelli, E.L.B., Cereda, E., Vilegas, W., 2005. Chemical investigation and effects of the tea of Passiflora alata on biochemical parameters in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 96, 371–374.
Farmacopeia Brasileira, 2010. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brasília, DF., 5a ed, http://www.anvisa.gov.br/hotsite/cd_farmacopeia/index.htm.
Gazola, A.C., (Ph.D. thesis) 2014. Avaliaçãoquímicaeneurofarmacológica deespécies de Passiflora da América do Sul. Florianópolis. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil, pp. 252.
Gazola, A.C., Costa, G.M., Castellanos, L., Ramos, FA., Reginatto, F.H., de Lima, T.C.M., Schenkel, E.P., 2015. Involvement of GABAergic pathway in the sedative activity of apigenin, the main flavonoid from Passiflora quadrangularis pericarp. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 25, 158–163.
Grice, I.D., Ferreira, LA., Griffiths, L.R., 2001. Identification and simultaneous analysis of hamane, harmina, harmol, isovitexin, and vitexin in Passiflora incarnata extracts with a novel HPLC method. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 24, 2513–2523.
ICH, 2005. Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology - Q2(R1). International Conference on Harmonization. ICH, London.
Invima, 2006. Normas Farmacológicas Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos. Bogotá D.C., http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s18383es/s18383es.pdf.
Lewis, W.H., Elvin-Lewis, M.P.F., 1977. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man’s Health. Wiley-Interscience, Toronto.
Li, H., Zhou, P., Yang, Q., Shen, Y., Deng, J., Li, L., Zhao, D., 2011. Comparative studies on anxiolytic activities and flavonoid compositions of Passiflora edulis ‘edulis’ and Passiflora edulis ‘flavicarpa’. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 1085–1090.
Lutomski, J., Malek, B., 1975. Pharmakochemische untersuchungen derdrogen der gattung Passiflora. IV. Mittlg: Der vergleich des alkaloidgehaltes in verschiedenen harmandrogen. Planta Med. 27, 381–384.
Lutomski, J., Malek, B., Rybacka, L., 1975. Pharmacochemical investigation of the raw materials from Passiflora genus. II. The pharmacochemical estimation of juices from the fruits of Passiflora edulis and Passiflora edulis form flavicarpa. Planta Med. 27, 112–121.
Marchart, E., Krenn, L., Kopp, B., 2003. Quantification of the flavonoid glycosides in Passiflora incarnata by capillary electrophoresis. Planta Med. 69, 452–456.
Molnár-Perl, I., Füzfai, Z.S., 2005. Chromatographic, capillary eletrophoretic and capillary eletrochromatographic techniques in the analysis of flavonoids. J. Chromatogr. A 1073, 201–227.
Mors, W.B., Rizzini, CT., Pereira, N.A., 2000. Medicinal Plants of Brazil. Reference Publications, Algonac.
Orsini, F., Pelizzoni, F., Verotta, L., 1985. Quadranguloside, a cycloartane triterpene glycoside from Passiflora quadrangularis. Phytochemistry 25, 191–193.
Pio Corrêa, M., 1978. Dicionário das plantas úteis do Brasil e das exóticas cultivadas. Impressora Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.
Poethke, V.W., Schwarz, C., Gerlach, H., 1970. Substances of Passiflora incarnata 1. (Constituents of Passiflora bryonioides). Alkaloids. Planta Med. 18, 303–314.
Ramos, FA., Castellanos, L., López, C., Palacios, L., Duque, C., Pacheco, R., Guzmán, A., 2010. An orientin derivative isolated from Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima. Lat. Am. J. Pharm. 29, 141–143.
Reginatto, F.H., Kauffmann, C., Schripsema, J., Guillaume, D., Gosmann, G., Schenkel, E.P., 2001. Steroidal and triterpenoidal glucosides from Passiflora alata. J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 12, 32–36.
Reginatto, F.H., Gosmann, G., Shripsema, J., Schenkel, E.P., 2004. Assay of quadran-guloside, the major saponins of leaves of Passiflora alata, by HPLC. Phytochem. Anal. 15, 195–197.
Rehwald, A., Sticher, O., Meier, B., 1995. Trace analysis of harman alkaloids in Passiflora incarnata by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Phytochem. Anal. 6, 96–100.
Rijke, E., Out, P., Niessen, W.M.A., Ariese, F., Gooijer, C., Brinkman, U.A.T., 2006. Analytical separation and detection methods for flavonoids. J. Chromatogr. A 1112, 31–63.
Sakalem, M.E., Negri, G., Tabach, R., 2012. Chemical composition of hydroethanolic extracts from five species of the Passiflora genus. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 22, 1219–1232.
Santos, R.I., Marlise, A., Schenkel, E.P., 1996. Analysis of the plant drug Wibrandia ebracteata. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 34, 300–330.
Santos, K.C., Santos, C.A.M., de Oliveira, R.M.W., 2006. Passiflora actinia Hooker extracts and fractions induce catalepsy in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 100, 306–309.
Sena, L.M., Zucolotto, S.M., Reginatto, F.H., Schenkel, E.P., De Lima, T.C.M., 2009. Neu-ropharmacological activity of the pericarp of Passiflora edulisflavicarpa Degener: putative involvement of C-glycosylflavonoids. Exp. Biol. Med. 234, 967–975.
Simirgiotis, M.J., Schmeda-Hirschmann, G., Bórquez, J., Kennelly, E.J., 2013. The Passiflora tripartita (banana passion) fruit: a source of bioactive flavonoid C-glycosides isolated by HSCCC and characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS/MS. Molecules 18, 1672–1692.
Speroni, E., Minghetti, A., 1988. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med. 54, 488–491.
Ulubelen, A., Oksuz, S., Mabry, T.J., Dellamonica, G., Chopin, J., 1982. C-glycosylflavonoids from Passiflora pittieri, P. alata, P. ambigua and a Adenia manii. J. Nat. Prod. 45, 783.
Unger, M., Stockigt, D., Belder, D., Stockigt, J., 1997. General approach for the analysis of various alkaloid classes using capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 767, 263–276.
WHO, 1991. Guidelines forthe Assessment of Herbal Medicines. World Health Organization, Geneva, Munich.
Zucolotto, S.M., Goulart, S., Montanher, A.B., Reginatto, F.H., Schenkel, E.P., Fröde, T.S., 2009. Bioassay-guided isolation of antiinflammatory C-glycosylflavones from Passiflora edulis. Planta Med. 75, 1–6.
Zucolotto, S.M., Fagundes, C., Reginatto, F.H., Ramos, F.A., Castellanos, L., Duque, C., Schenkel, E.P., 2012. Analysis of C-glycosyl flavonoids from South American Passiflora species by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. Phytochem. Anal. 23, 232–239.
Acknowledgements
The authors greatly appreciate the financial support provided by Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento para la Ciencia, la Tecnologíay la Innovación, Francisco José de Caldas, contract No. 0459 —2013, Red Nacional para la Bioprospección de Frutas Tropicales-RIFRUTBIO. The authors E.P. Schenkel and F.H. Reginatto thank the CNPq-National Council of Scientific and Technology Development (Brazil) for providing the research fellowships.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GMC performed the extraction, analytical work, data analysis, and drafting of the paper. ACG contributed to the chromatographic analysis. SMZ contributed to the plant collection and extraction. LC and FAR contributed to the collection of the plants, preparation oft he voucher specimen, supervision of laboratory work, and critical reading of the manuscript. FHR and EPS designed the study, supervised the laboratory work, and contributed to a critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors have read the final manuscript and approved the submission
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Costa, G.M., Gazola, A.C., Zucolotto, S.M. et al. Chemical profiles of traditional preparations of four South American Passiflora species by chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic techniques. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 26, 451–458 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.02.005
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.02.005