Abstract
Several clinical data indicate that depression is frequently comorbid with psychostimulant (cocaine, amphetamines) addiction. This short review summarizes preclinical results and observations showing how reward processes are modified in animal models of depression, and which depression-like effects are induced in experimental animals withdrawn from chronic treatment with psychostimulants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anand A, Charney DS: Norepinephrine dysfunction in depression. J Clin Psychiatry, 2000, 61, Suppl 10, 16–24.
Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB: The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. J Endocrinol, 1999, 160, 1–12.
Bane AJ, McCoy JG, Stump BS, Avery DD: The effects of cocaine on dietary self-selection in female rats. Physiol Behav, 1993, 54, 509–513.
Barr AM, Fiorino DF, Philips AG: Effects of withdrawal from an escalating dose schedule of d-amphetamine on sexual behavior in the male rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1999, 64, 597–604.
Barr AM, Markou A: Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2005, 29, 675–706.
Barr AM, Markou A, Phillips AG: A “crash” course on psychostimulant withdrawal as a model of depression. Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2002, 23, 475–482.
Barr AM, Phillips AG: Withdrawal following repeated exposure to d-amphetamine decreases responding for a sucrose solution as measured by a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychopharmacology, 1999, 141, 99–106.
Basso AM, Spina M, Rivier J, Vale W, Koob GF: Corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist attenuates the ‘anxiogenic-like’ effect in the defensive burying paradigm but not in the elevated plus-maze following chronic cocaine in rats. Psychopharmacology, 1999, 145, 21–30.
Baumann MH, Milchanowski AB, Rothman RB: Evidence for alterations in α2-adrenergic receptor sensitivity in rats exposed to repeated cocaine administration. Neuroscience, 2004, 125, 683–690.
Baumann MH, Rothman RB: Chronic cocaine exposure potentiates prolactin and head shake responses to 5-HT2 receptor stimulation in rats. Neuropharmacology, 1996, 35, 295–301.
Belej T, Manji D, Sioutis S, Barros HM, Nobrega JN: Changes in serotonin and norepinephrine uptake sites after chronic cocaine: pre- vs. post-withdrawal effects. Brain Res, 1996, 736, 287–296.
Calcagnetti DJ, Quatrella LA, Schechter MD: Olfactory bulbectomy disrupts the expression of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference. Physiol Behav, 1996, 59, 597–604.
Carroll ME, Lac ST: Cocaine withdrawal produces behavioral disruptions in rats. Life Sci, 1987, 40, 2183–2190.
Chambers RA, Sheehan T, Taylor JR: Locomotor sensiti-zation to cocaine in rats with olfactory bulbectomy. Synapse, 2004, 52, 167–175.
Covington HE 3rd, Miczek KA: Vocalizations during withdrawal from opiates and cocaine: possible expressions of affective distress. Eur J Pharmacol, 2003, 467, 1–13.
Cryan JF, Hoyer D, Markou A: Withdrawal from chronic amphetamine induces depressive-like behavioral effects in rodents. Biol Psychiatry, 2003, 54, 49–58.
Darmani NA, Shaddy J, Elder EL: Prolonged deficits in presynaptic serotonin function following withdrawal from chronic cocaine exposure as revealed by 5-HTP-induced headtwitch response in mice. J Neural Transm, 1997, 104, 1229–1247.
Dugovic C, Meert TF, Ashton D, Clincke GH: Effects of ritanserin and chlordiazepoxide on sleep-wakefulness alterations in rats following chronic cocaine treatment. Psychopharmacology, 1992, 108, 263–270.
Ettenberg A, Raven MA, Danluck DA, Necessary BD: Evidence for opponent-process actions of intravenous cocaine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1999, 64, 507–512.
Fibiger HC: Neurobiology of depression: focus on dopamine. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol, 1995, 49, 1–17.
Frankowska M, Białko M, Nowak E, Litkiewicz M, Przegaliński E, Filip M: Modeling co-existence of depression and cocaine addiction in rats: the effects of imipramine and N-acetylcysteine on the cocaine-priming and discrete contextual cues induced relapses. Pharmacol Rep, 2012, 64, 477.
Fung YK, Richard LA: Behavioural consequences of cocaine withdrawal in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol, 1994, 46, 150–152.
Gordon MK, Rosen JB: Lasting effect of repeated cocaine administration on acoustic and fear-potentiated startle in rats. Psychopharmacology, 1999, 144, 1–7.
Graeff FG, Guimaraes FS, De Andrade TG, Deakin JF: Role of 5-HT in stress, anxiety, and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 1996, 54, 129–141.
Herman ZS, Trzeciak H, Chrusciel TL, Kmieciak-Kolada K, Drybanski A, Sokola A: The influence of prolonged amphetamine treatment and amphetamine withdrawal on brain biogenic amine content and behaviour in the rat. Psychopharmacologia, 1971, 21, 74–81.
Holmes PV, Masini CV, Primeaux SD, Garrett JL, Zellner A, Stogner KS, Duncan AA, Crystal JD: Intravenous self-administration of amphetamine is increased in a rat model of depression. Synapse, 2002, 46, 4–10.
Holsboer F: The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000, 23, 477–501.
Ikawa K, Watanabe A, Motohashi N, Kaneno S: The effect of repeated administration of methamphetamine on dopamine uptake sites in rat striatum. Neurosci Lett, 1994, 167, 37–40.
Kelly JP, Wrynn AS, Leonard BE: The olfactory bulbectomized rat as a model of depression: an update. Review. Pharmacol Ther, 1997, 74, 299–316.
Kosten TR, Markou A, Koob GF: Depression and stimulant dependence: neurobiology and pharmacotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis, 1998, 186, 737–745.
Kucerova J, Pistovcakova J, Vrskova D, Dusek L, Sulcova A: The effects of methamphetamine self-administration on behavioural sensitization in the olfactory bulbectomy rat model of depression. Int J Neuropsy-chopharmacol, 2012, 15, 1503–1511.
Lambert G, Johansson M, Agren H, Friberg P: Reduced brain norepinephrine and dopamine release in treatment-refractory depressive illness: evidence in support of the catecholamine hypothesis of mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2000, 57, 787–793.
Lin SJ, Epps SA, West CH, Boss-Williams KA, Weiss JM, Weinshenker D: Operant psychostimulant self-administration in a rat model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2012, 103, 380–385.
Lin D, Koob GF, Markou A: Differential effects of withdrawal from chronic amphetamine or fluoxetine administration on brain stimulation reward in the rat: interactions between the two drugs. Psychopharmacology, 1999, 145, 283–294.
Lingham RB, Gottesfeld Z: Deafferentation elicits increased dopamine-sensitive adenylatecyclase and receptor binding in the olfactory tubercle. J Neurosci, 1986, 6, 2208–2214.
Macedo DS, Sousa FC, Vasconcelos SM, Lima VT, Viana GS: Different times of withdrawal from cocaine administration cause changes in muscarinic and dopa-minergic receptors in rat premotor cortex. Neurosci Lett, 2001, 312, 129–132.
Malin DH, Moon WD, Moy ET, Jennings RE, Moy DM, Warner RL, Wilson OB: A rodent model of cocaine abstinence syndrome. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2000, 66, 323–328.
Markou A, Koob GF: Bromocriptine reverses the elevation in intracranial self-stimulation thresholds observed in a rat model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychophar-macology, 1992, 7, 213–224.
Markou A, Koob GF: Postcocaine anhedonia. An animal model of cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1991, 4, 17–26.
Markou A, Kosten TR, Koob GF: Neurobiological similarities in depression and drug dependence: a self-medication hypothesis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1998, 18, 135–174.
Paine TA, Jackman SL, Olmstead MC: Cocaine-induced anxiety: alleviation by diazepam, but not buspirone, dimenhydrinate or diphenhydramine. Behav Pharmacol, 2002, 13, 511–523.
Parsons LH, Koob GF, Weiss F: Extracellular serotonin is decreased in the nucleus accumbens during withdrawal from cocaine self-administration. Behav Brain Res, 1996, 73, 225–228.
Parsons LH, Smith AD, Justice JB Jr: Basal extracellular dopamine is decreased in the rat nucleus accumbens during abstinence from chronic cocaine. Synapse, 1991, 9, 60–65.
Paterson NE, Markou A: Animal models and treatments for addiction and depression co-morbidity. Review. Neurotox Res, 2007, 11, 1–32.
Plotsky PM, Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB: Psychoneuroendo-crinology of depression. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Psychiatr Clin North Am, 1998, 21, 293–307.
Przegaliński E, Czepiel K, Nowak E, Dlaboga D, Filip M: Withdrawal from chronic cocaine up-regulates 5-HT1B receptors in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett, 2003, 351, 169–172.
Richter RM, Weiss F: In vivo CRF release in rat amygdala is increased during cocaine withdrawal in self-administering rats. Synapse, 1999, 32, 254–261.
Rounsaville BJ, Anton SF, Carroll K, Budde D, Prusoff BA, Gawin F: Psychiatric diagnoses of treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 1991, 48, 43–51.
Russig H, Durrer A, Yee BK, Murphy CA, Feldon J: The acquisition, retention and reversal of spatial learning in the Morris water maze task following withdrawal from an escalating dosage schedule of amphetamine in Wistar rats. Neuroscience, 2003, 119, 167–179.
Sarnyai Z, Dhabhar FS, McEwen BS, Kreek MJ: Neuroendocrine-related effects of long-term. ‘binge’ cocaine administration: diminished individual differences in stress-induced corticosterone response. Neuroendocrinology, 1998, 68, 334–344.
Seltzer V, Tonge SR: Proceedings: Methylamphetamine withdrawal as a model for the depressive state: antagonism of postamphetamine depression by imipramine. J Pharm Pharmacol, 1975, 27, Suppl 1–2, 16P.
Semenova S, Markou A: Cocaine-seeking behavior after extended cocaine-free periods in rats: role of conditioned stimuli. Psychopharmacology, 2003, 168, 192–200.
Slattery DA, Markou A, Cryan JF: Evaluation of reward processes in an animal model of depression. Psychopharmacology, 2007, 190, 555–568.
Stadler JR, Caul WF, Barrett RJ: Characterizing withdrawal in rats following repeated drug administration using an amphetamine-vehicle-haloperidol drug discrimination. Psychopharmacology, 1999, 143, 219–226.
Touret M, Sallanon-Moulin M, Jouvet M: Awakening properties of modafinil without paradoxical sleep rebound: comparative study with amphetamine in the rat. Neurosci Lett, 1995, 189, 43–46.
Tran-Nguyen LT, Fuchs RA, Coffey GP, Baker DA, O’Dell LE, Neisewander JL: Time-dependent changes in cocaine-seeking behavior and extracellular dopamine levels in the amygdala during cocaine withdrawal. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1998, 19, 48–59.
Verbeeck WJ, Berk M, Paiker J, Jersky B: The prolactin response to sulpiride in major depression: the role of the D2receptor in depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2001, 11, 215–220.
Volkow ND: The reality of comorbidity: depression and drug abuse. Review. Biol Psychiatry, 2004, 56, 714–717.
Weiss JM, West CH, Emery MS, Bonsall RW, Moore JP, Boss-Williams KA: Rats selectively-bred for behavior related to affective disorders: proclivity for intake of alcohol and drugs of abuse, and measures of brain monoamines. Review. Biochem Pharmacol, 2008, 75, 134–159.
Zhou Y, Spangler R, Schlussman SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ: Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and in levels of proopiomelanocortin and corticotropin-releasing hormone–receptor 1 mRNAs in the pituitary and hypothalamus of the rat during chronic ‘binge’ cocaine and withdrawal. Brain Res, 2003, 964, 187–199.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Filip, M., Frankowska, M., Jastrzębska, J. et al. Preclinical studies on comorbidity between depression and psychostimulant addiction. Pharmacol. Rep 65, 1529–1534 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1734-1140(13)71514-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1734-1140(13)71514-7