Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inclusion and Bubble in Steel — A Review

  • Published:
Journal of Iron and Steel Research International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The type, morphology and sources of inclusion in steels, including indigenous and exogenous inclusions, were discussed and reviewed. Indigenous inclusions are deoxidation products or inclusions precipitated during cooling and solidification of steel. Exogenous inclusions arise primarily from the incidental chemical (reoxidation) and mechanical interaction of liquid steel with its surroundings (slag entrainment and erosion of lining refractory). Types and causes for the nozzle clogging were also summarized. Reasons for bubble formation and bubble size distribution in steels were discussed thereafter. Finally, morphology and causes of inclusion-related defects in continuously cast steel products were reviewed, such as flange cracking in cans, slag spots and line defects on strips.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kiessling R. [J]. Metal Science, 1980, 15(5): 161–172.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Trojan P K. [J]. ASM International, ASM Handbook, 1988, 15(Casting): 88–97.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Wilson A D. [A]. Mahaney J K, eds. Advances in the Production and Use of Steel With Improved Internal Cleanliness [C]. West Conshohocken, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1999. 73–88.

  4. Sato T. http://www.jfe-21st-cf.or.jp/. 1994.

  5. Eckel J A, Glaws P C, Wolfe J O, et al. [A]. Mahaney J K, eds. Advances in the Production and Use of Steel With Improved Internal Cleanliness [C]. West Conshohocken, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1999. 1–11.

  6. Lund T B, Olund L K P. [A]. Mahaney J K, eds. Advances in the Production and Use of Steel With Improved Internal Cleanliness [C]. West Conshohocken, USA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1999. 32–48.

  7. Fuchs E, Jonsson P. [J]. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 2000, 19(5): 333–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lange K W. [J]. Inter Materials Reviews, 1988, 33(2): 53–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Hansen T, Jonsson P. [A]. 2001 Electric Furnace Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 2001. 71–81.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ogawa K. [A]. Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, eds. Nishiyama Memorial Seminar, 143/144 [C]. Tokyo, Japan: Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, 1992. 137–166.

    Google Scholar 

  11. GAO Hai-chao. [J]. Steelmaking, 2000, 16(2): 38–43 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  12. LIU Zhong-zhu, CAI Kai-ke. Iron and Steel, 2000, 35(2): 64–69 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wang Y. [D]. Pittsburg, USA: Carnegie Mellon University, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cramb A W. [A]. Briant C L, eds. Impurities in Engineered Materials: Impact, Reliability and Control [C]. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc, 1999. 49–89.

  15. Goransson M, Reinholdsson F, Willman K. [J]. Iron and Steel Maker, 1999, 26(5): 53–58.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Hoffken E, Lax H, Pietzko G. [A]. 4th Int Conf Continuous Casting [C]. Dusseldorf, Germany: Verlag Stahl Eisen mbH, 1988. 461–473.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hulka K. Modern Steelmaking Technology. http://www.us.cbmm.com.br/english/sources/techlib/info/modsteel/modsteel.htm. 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Debiesme B, Poissonnet I, Choquet P, et al. [J]. Revue de Metallurgie-CIT, 1993, 90(3): 387–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ehara T, Kurose Y, Fujimura T. [A]. ISS, eds. 79th Steelmaking Conference Proceeding, 79 [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1996. 485–486.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hirashima N, Nishihara R, Takasaki Y, et al. [J]. Rev Met, 2000, 97(3): 309–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lachmund H, Prothmann B, Huin D, et al. [J], Rev Met, 1998, 95(4): 487–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Rastogi R, Cramb A W. [A]. ISS, eds. 2001 Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, 84 [C]. Warrendale, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: ISS, 2001. 789–829.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Rastogi R, Cramb A W. Private Communication, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Miki Y, Kitaoka H, Sakuraya T, et al. [J]. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1992, 78(3): 431–438 (in Japanese).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang L, Thomas B G, Cai K, et al. [A]. ISS, eds. ISStech 2003 [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 141–156.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Snow R B, Shea J A. [J]. J Am Ceram Soc, 1949, 32(6): 187–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Duderstadt G C, Iyengar R K, Matesa J M. [A]. AIME Proc Electric Furnace Conference [C]. Warrendale, USA: ISS, 1967. 61–66.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Farrell J W, Hilty D C. [A]. AIME Proc Electric Furnace Conference [C]. Warrendale, USA: ISS, 1971. 31–46.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Schwerdtfeger K, Schrewe H. [A]. AIME Proc Electric Furnace Conference [C]. Warrendale, USA: ISS, 1970. 95–104.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Steinmetz E, Lindborg H, Morsdorf W, et al. [J]. Archive fur Eisenhuttenwessen, 1977, 48(11): 569–574.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Saxena S K, Sandberg H, Waldenstrom T, et al. [J]. Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, 1978, 7(1): 126–133.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Byrne M, Fenicle T W, Cramb A W. [A]. Steelmaking Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrendale, USA: ISS, 1985. 451–461.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Byrne M, Fenicle T W, Cramb A W. [J]. ISS Trans, 1989, 10(1): 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Dawson S. [A], ISS, eds. 73rd Steelmaking Conference Proc [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1990. 15–31.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fukuda Y, Ueshima Y, Mizoguehi S. [J]. ISIJ Internal, 1992, 32(2): 164–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Tiekink W, Pieters A. [A]. ISS, eds. 77th Steelmaking Conference Proceeding [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1994. 423–427.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Tsujino R, Tanaka A, Imamura A, et al. [J]. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1994, 80(10): 31–36 (in Japanese).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Ichikawa. [J]. Taikabutsu Overseas, 1994, 14(2): 52–53.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Fuhr F, Cicutti C, Walter G, et al. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech 2003 Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 165–175.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kemeny F L. [A]. ISS, eds. McLean Symposium Proceedings [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1998. 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Thomas B G, Bai H. [A]. Iron and Steel Society, eds. 78th Steelmaking Conf Proc [C]. Warrendale, PA: Iron and Steel Society, 2001. 895–912.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Rackers K G, Thomas B G. [A]. ISS, eds. Steelmaking Conf Proc [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1995. 723–734.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Maddalena R, Rastogi R, Bassem S, et al. [J]. Iron and Steel Maker, 2000, 27(12): 71–79.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Zheng H, Chen W, Hu Y. [A]. ISS, eds. AISTech 2004 [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2004. 937–945.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Nunnington R C, Sutcliffe N. [A]. Kanagy D L, eds. 2001 Steelmaking Conference [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2001. 361–394.

  46. Vermeulen Y, Coletti B, Wollants P, et al. [J]. Steel Res, 2000, 71(10): 391–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Pielet H M, Tsai H T, Gass R T. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech2003 Conference Proceedings, Electirc Furnace and Steelmaking [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 241–253.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dekkers R, Blanpain B, Wollants P. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech 2003 Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 197–209.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Pickering F B. [A]. The Iron and Steel Institute, eds. International Conference on Production and Application of Clean Steels [C]. London, Balatonfured, Hungary: The Iron and Steel Institute, 1970. 75–91.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Golikov I N. [A]. The Iron and Steel Institute, eds. International Conference on Production and Application of Clean Steels [C]. London, Balatonfured, Hungary: The Iron and Steel Institute, 1970. 35–41.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Braun T B, Elliott J F, Flemings M C. [J]. Metal Trans, 1979, 10B(6): 171–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Jack R. [J]. Metals Forum, 1979, 2(2): 87–97.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Majewski Z. [A]. The Iron and Steel Institute, eds. International Conference on Production and Application of Clean Steels [C]. London, Balatonfured, Hungary: The Iron and Steel Institute, 1970. 68–74.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ichinoe M, Mori H, Kajioka H, et al. [A]. The Iron and Steel Institute, eds. International Conference on Production and Application of Clean Steels [C]. London, Balatonfured, Hungary: The Iron and Steel Institute, 1970. 137–166.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Leach J C C. [A]. The Iron and Steel Institute, eds. International Conference on Production and Application of Clean Steels [C]. London, Balatonfured, Hungary: The Iron and Steel Institute, 1970. 105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Malinochka Y N, Kurasov A N, Ionts E P, et al. [J]. Steel in the USSR, 1990, 20(1): 50–54.

    Google Scholar 

  57. McDonald M M, Ludwigson D C. [J]. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 1983, 11(3): 165–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Miki Y. Study on the Inclusion Removal and Bubble Behavior in the Molten Steel [R]. Kawasaki: Kawasaki Steel, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Salmon P H, Hamill P E. [A]. Spear K R O R E, ed. Proceedings of the Continuous Casting Symposium of the 102 AIME Annual Meeting [C]. AIME, 1973. 257–280.

  60. Abbel G, Damen W, de Dendt G, et al. [J]. ISIJ, 1996, 36 (supplement), S219–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Damen W, Abbel G, de Dendt G. [J]. Rev Met, 1997, 94 (6): 745–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Kasai N. [A]. Iguchi M, ed. Fluid Flow in Continuous Casting Mold and Behavior of Non-Metallic Inclusions [C]. ISIJ, 2002. 243–264.

  63. Ishii K, Sasaki Y, Kashiwaya Y, et al. [J]. Metal and Material Trans, 2000, 31B(1): 216–218.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Yin H, Tsai H T. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech 2003 Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Zhang L, Aoki J, Thomas B G. Materials Science and Technology 2004 (MS&T'04) [M]. 2nd ed. Warrandale. PA, USA: TMS and AIST, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Kiriha L, Tosawa H, Sorimachi K. [J]. CAMP-ISIJ, 2000, 13(1): 120–121.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Matsudo K, Shimomura T, Kobayashi H, et al. [J]. Trans Iron Steel Inst Jpn, 1983, 23(5), 410–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Komai T. [J]. Tetsu-to-Hagane, 1981, 67(8): 1152–1161 (in Japanese).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Byrne M, Fenicle T W, Cramb A W. [J]. Iron and Steel Maker, 1988, 15(6), 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Pavlov V V, Drobyshevskaya I S, Nikulina M D. [J]. Stal', 1992, 11(1): 73–74 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  71. Gass R, Knoepke H, Moscoe J, et al. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech 2003 Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Rocabois P, Pontoire J-N, Delville V, et al. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech2003 Conference Proceedings [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 995–1006.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Jungreithmeier A, Pissenberger E, Burgstaller K, et al. [A]. ISS, eds. ISSTech 2003 Conference Proceedings, Electric Furnace and Steelmaking [C]. Warrandale, PA: ISS, 2003. 227–240.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Byrne M, Cramb A W. [J]. Iron and Steel Maker, 1988, 15 (10): 45–53.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Tsai H T, Sammon W J, Hazelton D E. [A]. Iron and Steel Society, eds. Steelmaking Conf Proc, 73 [C]. Warrendale, PA: Iron and Steel Society, 1990. 49–59.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Chakraborty S, Hill W. [A]. ISS, eds. 77th Steelmaking Conf Proc [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1994. 389–395.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Uehara H, Osanai H, Hasunuma J, et al. [J]. Rev Met, 1998, 95(10): 1273–1285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Obman A R, Germanoski W T, Sussman R C. [A]. ISS, eds. 64th Steelmaking Conference Proc [C]. Warrendale, PA: ISS, 1981. 254–258.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Saito K, Nakato H, Yamasaki H, et al. [A]. Iron and Steel Society, eds. 9th PTD Conference [C]. Warrendale, PA, Iron and Steel Society, 1990. 128–133.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 8, 7491, Trondheim, Norway

    Li-feng Zhang (Doctor, Professor)

Authors
  1. Li-feng Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Li-feng Zhang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zhang, Lf. Inclusion and Bubble in Steel — A Review. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 13, 1–8 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(06)60051-4

Download citation

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1006-706X(06)60051-4

Key words

Search

Navigation