Table 1 Definition and Measurement of Variables
From: Assessing the performance of national innovation systems (NIS) in Sub-Saharan Africa
Variable Category | Variable Name | Definition / Measurement | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Innovation Output | Innovation Index | Composite measure of national innovation performance | UNCTAD |
Innovation Output | Industrial Value Added | Industry value added (% of GDP) | WDI |
Innovation Output | Manufacturing Value Added | Manufacturing value added (% of GDP) | WDI |
Innovation Output | Services Value Added | Services value added (% of GDP) | WDI |
Innovation Output | Self-Employment | Self-employed (% of total employment) | WDI |
NIS Input | R&D Expenditure | R&D spending (% of GDP) | WDI |
NIS Input | Institutional Quality Index | PCA-based composite governance index | WGI |
NIS Input | Education Spending | Public education expenditure (% of GDP) | WDI |
NIS Input | Labour Force Participation | Labour force participation rate (%) | WDI |
Control | Trade Openness | Exports + imports (% of GDP) | WDI |
Control | Financial Openness | Index of financial integration | WDI |
Control | FDI Inflows | Net FDI inflows (% of GDP) | WDI |
Control | Credit to Private Sector | Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) | WDI |
Control | Capital Formation | Gross capital formation (% of GDP) | WDI |
Control | Government Debt | Central government debt (% of GDP) | WDI |