Fig. 3

Comparison of iRAT, gRAT, and tAPP scores across historical TBL cohorts. Mean iRAT (a), gRAT (b), and tAPP (c) scores are shown for the traditional in-class TBL cohort (2019), virtual TBL cohort (2020), and digitally supported in-class TBL cohorts (2021 and 2022). Bars represent mean ± SEM. Comparisons for each outcome were performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple-comparisons test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ****P < 0.0001; ns not significant