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Low-interference and sensitive electrochemical detection of glucose and lactate using boron-doped diamond electrode and electron mediator menadione

  • Special Issue: Original Paper
  • Novel Analytical technologies contributing to clinical and pharmaceutical research fields
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Abstract

To minimize background interference in electrochemical enzymatic biosensors employing electron mediators, it is essential for the electrochemical oxidation of electroactive interfering species (ISs), such as ascorbic acid (AA), to proceed slowly, and for the redox reactions between electron mediators and ISs to occur at a low rate. In this study, we introduce a novel combination of a working electrode and an electron mediator that effectively mitigates interference effects. Compared to commonly used electrodes such as Au, glassy carbon, and indium tin oxide (ITO), boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes demonstrate significantly lower anodic current (i.e., lower background levels) in the presence of AA. Additionally, menadione (MD) exhibits notably slower reactivity with AA compared to other electron mediators such as Ru(NH3)63+, 4-amino-1-naphthol, and 1,4-naphthoquinone, primarily due to the lower formal potential of MD compared to AA. This synergistic combination of BDD electrode and MD is effectively applied in three biosensors: (i) glucose detection using electrochemical-enzymatic (EN) redox cycling, (ii) glucose detection using electrochemical-enzymatic-enzymatic (ENN) redox cycling, and (iii) lactate detection using ENN redox cycling. Our developed approach significantly outperforms the combination of ITO electrode and MD in minimizing IS interference. Glucose in artificial serum can be detected with detection limits of ~ 20 μM and ~ 3 μM in EN and ENN redox cycling, respectively. Furthermore, lactate in human serum can be detected with a detection limit of ~ 30 μM. This study demonstrates sensitive glucose and lactate detection with minimal interference, eliminating the need for (bio)chemical agents to remove interfering species.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (2022R1A4A2000778 and 2021R1A2C3012115).

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea, 2022R1A4A2000778, Haesik Yang, 2021R1A2C3012115, Haesik Yang.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea

    Nakyeong Yoon, Youngjin Jung, Gyeongho Kim, Jungwook Kwon & Haesik Yang

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  1. Nakyeong Yoon
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  2. Youngjin Jung
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  4. Jungwook Kwon
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Contributions

NY and YJ are equally contributed. Conceptualization: NY, YJ, HY, Investigation: NY, YJ, Supervision: GK, JK, HY, Writing—original draft: NY, Writing—review & editing: NY, HY.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haesik Yang.

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Yoon, N., Jung, Y., Kim, G. et al. Low-interference and sensitive electrochemical detection of glucose and lactate using boron-doped diamond electrode and electron mediator menadione. ANAL. SCI. 40, 853–861 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44211-023-00497-0

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