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Feasibility of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for rural and remote transfers

Abstract

Background

In rural Canada, the majority of prehospital care is provided by basic life support paramedics, who cannot administer opioids or parenteral analgesics. Patients requiring transfer to a higher level of care have limited options for pain control. We aim to determine if ambulance-based patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is feasible during inter-facility transfers.

Methods

This is a prospective non-consecutive cohort feasibility study conducted in the East Kootenay region of British Columbia from 2016 to 2020. Patients in acute pain from an illness or injury requiring an opioid and transfer to a higher level of care were offered PCA. The study used respiratory depression as a marker of safety, assessed if PCA during transport provided efficacious analgesia, measured satisfaction scores from patients and paramedics, and tracked adverse events.

Results

84 patients received PCA. The majority had orthopaedic trauma and the average transfer time was 3 h 22 min. The average pain score at the start and end of the transfer was unchanged, at 4 out of 10. Patient and paramedic satisfaction scores at the end of the transfer were 4.6 and 4.7 out of 5, respectively. Three out of the 84 patients (3.6%) had desaturation episodes below or equal to 90% oxygen saturation; however, all resolved with supplemental oxygen.

Interpretation

Ambulance-based PCA is feasible and has a high level of satisfaction among paramedics and patients. It has significant potential for inter-facility transport in rural regions in Canada where ambulances are staffed with paramedics who cannot administer opioids or other parenteral analgesics.

Résumé

Contexte

Dans les régions rurales du Canada, la majorité des soins préhospitaliers sont prodigués par des ambulanciers paramédicaux essentiels qui ne peuvent administrer d’opioïdes ou d’analgésiques parentéraux. Les patients nécessitant un transfert vers un niveau de soins supérieur ont des options limitées pour le contrôle de la douleur. Notre objectif est de déterminer si l'analgésie contrôlée par le patient (ACP) en ambulance est possible lors des transferts entre établissements.

Méthodes

Il s'agit d'une étude de faisabilité prospective de cohorte non consécutive menée dans la région de Kootenay Est en Colombie-Britannique de 2016 à 2020. Les patients souffrant de douleurs aiguës dues à une maladie ou à une blessure nécessitant un opioïde et un transfert vers un niveau de soins supérieur se sont vu proposer une APC. L'étude a utilisé la dépression respiratoire comme marqueur de sécurité, a évalué si l'ACP pendant le transport fournissait une analgésie efficace, a mesuré les scores de satisfaction des patients et du personnel paramédical, et a suivi les événements indésirables.

Résultats

84 patients ont reçu une ACP. La majorité avait un traumatisme orthopédique et le temps de transfert moyen était de 3 h 22 min. Le score moyen de douleur au début et à la fin du transfert était inchangé, à 4 sur 10. Les scores de satisfaction des patients et des ambulanciers paramédicaux à la fin du transfert étaient de 4,6 et 4,7 sur 5, respectivement. Trois des 84 patients (3,6%) ont connu des épisodes de désaturation inférieurs ou égaux à 90% de saturation en oxygène; cependant, tous se sont résorbés avec l'apport d'oxygène supplémentaire.

Interprétation

L'ACP en ambulance est faisable et présente un haut niveau de satisfaction parmi les paramédicaux et les patients. Il présente un potentiel important pour le transport inter-établissements dans les régions rurales du Canada où les ambulances sont dotées de personnel paramédical qui ne peut pas administrer d'opioïdes ou d'autres analgésiques parentéraux.

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Funding

This project was partially funded by Rural Physician Research Support Project grant from the Rural Coordination Centre of BC (RCCBC).

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Correspondence to Adam Watchorn.

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Watchorn, A., Curran, J., Heilman, J. et al. Feasibility of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for rural and remote transfers. Can J Emerg Med 25, 157–163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43678-022-00417-7

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