Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Highly specific and sensitive chromo-fluorogenic detection of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas stimulants: a multianalyte recognition approach

  • Original Papers
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nerve agents are the most notorious substances, which can be fatal to an individual because they block the activity of acetylcholinesterase. Fighting against unpredictable terrorist assaults and wars requires the simple and quick detection of chemical warfare agent vapor. In the present contribution, we have introduced a rhodamine-based chemosensor, BDHA, for the detection of nerve gas-mimicking agents diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) and diethylcyanophosphonate (DCNP) and mustard gas-mimicking agent 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), both in the liquid and vapor phase. Probe BDHA provides the ability for detection by the naked eye in terms of colorimetric and fluorometric changes. It has been revealed that the interaction between nerve agents mimics and probe BDHA facilitates spirolactam ring opening due to the phosphorylation process. Thus, the highly fluorescent and colored species developed while probe BDHA is colorless and non-fluorescent due to the intramolecular spirolactam ring. Moreover, probe BDHA can effectively recognize DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the µM range despite many toxic analytes and could be identified based on the response times and quantum yield values. Inexpensive, easily carried paper strips-based test kits were developed for the quick, on-location solid and vapor phase detection of these mustard gas imitating agents (CEES) and nerve gas mimicking agents (DCP and DCNP) without needing expensive equipment or skilled personnel. More remarkably, the test strips' color and fluorescence can be rapidly restored, exposing them to triethyl amine (TEA) for cyclic use, suggesting a potential application in the real-time identification of chemical warfare agents. To accomplish the on-location application of BDHA, we have experimented with soil samples to find traces of DCP. Therefore, the chromo-fluorogenic probe BDHA is a promising, instantaneous, and on-the-spot monitoring tool for the selective detection of DCP, DCNP, and CEES in the presence of others.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Scheme 1
Scheme 2
Scheme 3
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cordell, R. L., Willis, K. A., Wyche, K. P., et al. (2007). Detection of chemical weapon agents and simulants using chemical ionization reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry, 79, 8359–8366. https://doi.org/10.1021/AC071193C/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/AC071193CF00008.JPEG

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Chauhan, S., Chauhan, S., D’Cruz, R., et al. (2008). Chemical warfare agents. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 26, 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ETAP.2008.03.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Okumura, T., Takasu, N., Ishimatsu, S., et al. (1996). Report on 640 victims of the Tokyo Subway Sarin Attack. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 28, 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-0644(96)70052-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wiener, S. W., & Hoffman, R. S. (2004). Nerve agents: A comprehensive review. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine, 19, 22–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885066603258659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Abou-Donia, M. B., Siracuse, B., Gupta, N., & Sobel Sokol, A. (2016). Sarin (GB, O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate) neurotoxicity: Critical review. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 46, 845–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408444.2016.1220916

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Davis, E. D., Gordon, W. O., Wilmsmeyer, A. R., et al. (2014). Chemical warfare agent surface adsorption: Hydrogen bonding of sarin and soman to amorphous silica. Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 5, 1393–1399. https://doi.org/10.1021/JZ500375H/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/JZ-2014-00375H_0008.JPEG

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Costanzi, S., Machado, J. H., & Mitchell, M. (2018). Nerve agents: What they are, how they work, how to counter them. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 9, 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSCHEMNEURO.8B00148/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/CN-2018-00148D_0012.GIF

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Park, Y. H., Song, H. K., Lee, C. S., & Jee, J. G. (2008). Fabrication and its characteristics of metal-loaded TiO2/SnO2 thick-film gas sensor for detecting dichloromethane. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 14, 818–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JIEC.2008.06.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Patil, L. A., Deo, V. V., Shinde, M. D., et al. (2014). Improved 2-CEES sensing performance of spray pyrolized Ru-CdSnO3 nanostructured thin films. Sensors Actuators B Chem, 191, 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2013.09.091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Jung, Y., & Kim, D. (2019). A selective fluorescence turn-on probe for the detection of DCNP (Nerve Agent Tabun Simulant). Materials, 12, 2943. https://doi.org/10.3390/MA12182943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Sarkar, H. S., Ghosh, A., Das, S., et al. (2018). (2018) Visualisation of DCP, a nerve agent mimic, in Catfish brain by a simple chemosensor. Sci Reports, 81(8), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21780-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Diauudin, F. N., Rashid, J. I. A., Knight, V. F., et al. (2019). A review of current advances in the detection of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents based biosensor approaches. Sens Bio-Sensing Res, 26, 100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SBSR.2019.100305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim, K., Tsay, O. G., Atwood, D. A., & Churchill, D. G. (2011). Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chemical Reviews, 111, 5345–5403. https://doi.org/10.1021/CR100193Y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jang, Y. J., Kim, K., Tsay, O. G., et al. (2015). Update 1 of: destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents. Chemical Reviews, 115, PR1–PR76. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.CHEMREV.5B00402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Tohora, N., Ahamed, S., Sultana, T., et al. (2024). Fabrication of a re-useable ionic liquid-based colorimetric organo nanosensor for detection of nerve agents’ stimulants. Talanta, 266, 124968. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TALANTA.2023.124968

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tohora, N., Ahamed, S., Mahato, M., et al. (2023). Ionic liquids-based organo nano-fluorosensor for fast and selective detection of sarin gas surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 387, 122698. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MOLLIQ.2023.122698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tohora, N., Mahato, M., Sultana, T., et al. (2023). A benzoxazole-based turn-on fluorosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of sarin surrogate, diethylchlorophosphate. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1255, 341111. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACA.2023.341111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Tohora, N., Mahato, M., Sahoo, R., et al. (2023). Fabrication of a GUMBOS-based ratiometric organo nanosensor for selective and sensitive detection of perchlorate ions that works in 100% water. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A: Chemistry, 445, 115050. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOCHEM.2023.115050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Tohora, N., Mahato, M., Sultana, T., et al. (2023). A benzoxazole-based fluorescent ‘off-on-off’ probe for cascade recognition of cyanide and Fe3+ ions. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A: Chemistry, 442, 114807. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JPHOTOCHEM.2023.114807

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Tohora, N., Sultana, T., Mahato, M., et al. (2023). An off-on-off benzoxazole-based fluorosensor for relay detection of Al3+ ions and explosive nitroaromatic compounds. ChemistrySelect, 8, e202301023. https://doi.org/10.1002/SLCT.202301023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Behera, K. C., & Bag, B. (2020). Selective DCP detection with xanthene derivatives by carbonyl phosphorylation. Chemical Communications, 56, 9308–9311. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC03985C

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Qi, X. N., Xie, Y. Q., Zhang, Y. M., et al. (2021). Acid-base regulation the reversible transformation of novel phenazine derivatives and serving as biomarker for tracing acidity change in living cell and mice. Sensors Actuators B Chem, 344, 130287. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2021.130287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhang, Z., Kang, M., Tan, H., et al. (2022). The fast-growing field of photo-driven theranostics based on aggregation-induced emission. Chemical Society Reviews, 51, 1983–2030. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CS01138C

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hr, P. (1996). Handbook of fluorescent probes and research chemicals. Molecular Probes, Eugene, 8, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.5983/NL2001JSCE.23.87_21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Clark, M. A., Duffy, K., Tibrewala, J., & Lippard, S. J. (2003). Synthesis and metal-binding properties of chelating fluorescein derivatives. Organic Letters, 5, 2051–2054. https://doi.org/10.1021/OL0344570/SUPPL_FILE/OL0344570SI20030419_124218.PDF

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Burdette, S. C., & Lippard, S. J. (2002). The rhodafluor family. An initial study of potential ratiometric fluorescent sensors for Zn2+. Inorganic Chemistry, 41, 6816–6823. https://doi.org/10.1021/IC026048Q/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/IC026048QF00004.JPEG

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Xiang, Y., Tong, A., Jin, P., & Ju, Y. (2006). New fluorescent rhodamine hydrazone chemosensor for Cu(II) with high selectivity and sensitivity. Organic Letters, 8, 2863–2866. https://doi.org/10.1021/OL0610340/SUPPL_FILE/OL0610340SI20060523_111246.PDF

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Kwon, J. Y., Jang, Y. J., Lee, Y. J., et al. (2005). A highly selective fluorescent chemosensor for Pb2+. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127, 10107–10111. https://doi.org/10.1021/JA051075B/SUPPL_FILE/JA051075BSI20050518_032846.PDF

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Xiang, Y., & Tong, A. (2006). A new rhodamine-based chemosensor exhibiting selective Fe III-amplified fluorescence. Organic Letters, 8, 1549–1552. https://doi.org/10.1021/OL060001H/SUPPL_FILE/OL060001HSI20060303_053256.PDF

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wu, X., Wu, Z., & Han, S. (2011). Chromogenic and fluorogenic detection of a nerve agent simulant with a rhodamine-deoxylactam based sensor. Chemical Communications, 47, 11468–11470. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1CC15250E

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Dujols, V., Ford, F., & Czarnik, A. W. (1997). A long-wavelength fluorescent chemodosimeter selective for Cu(II) ion in water. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 119, 7386–7387. https://doi.org/10.1021/JA971221G/SUPPL_FILE/JA7386.PDF

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Chen, L., Wu, D., & Yoon, J. (2018). Recent advances in the development of chromophore-based chemosensors for nerve agents and phosgene. ACS Sensors, 3, 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSSENSORS.7B00816/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/SE-2017-00816P_0051.JPEG

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Russell, A. J., Berberich, J. A., Drevon, G. F., & Koepsel, R. R. (2003). Biomaterials for mediation of chemical and biological warfare agents. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 5, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.BIOENG.5.121202.125602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Wang, J., Timchalk, C., & Lin, Y. (2008). Carbon nanotube-based electrochemical sensor for assay of salivary cholinesterase enzyme activity: An exposure biomarker of organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents. Environmental Science and Technology, 42, 2688–2693. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES702335Y/SUPPL_FILE/ES702335Y-FILE002.PDF

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Ali, S. S., Gangopadhyay, A., Pramanik, A. K., et al. (2019). Ratiometric sensing of nerve agent mimic DCP through in situ benzisoxazole formation. Dyes and Pigments, 170, 107585. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DYEPIG.2019.107585

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ali, S. S., Gangopadhyay, A., Pramanik, A. K., et al. (2018). Real time detection of the nerve agent simulant diethylchlorophosphate by nonfluorophoric small molecules generating a cyclization-induced fluorogenic response. The Analyst, 143, 4171–4179. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8AN01012A

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Goswami, S., Manna, A., & Paul, S. (2014). Rapid ‘naked eye’ response of DCP, a nerve agent simulant: From molecules to low-cost devices for both liquid and vapour phase detection. RSC Advances, 4, 21984–21988. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA01060D

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Yang, Y. C. (1999). Chemical detoxification of nerve agent VX. Accounts of Chemical Research, 32, 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1021/AR970154S/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/AR970154SFA13C.JPEG

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Elias, S., Columbus, I., Shoshanim, O., et al. (2022). The prominent motif of the leaving group in chemical and biological processes of phosphonoesters: understanding the behavior of V-type nerve agents. ChemistrySelect, 7, e202201363. https://doi.org/10.1002/SLCT.202201363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Dale, T. J., & Rebek, J. (2006). Fluorescent sensors for organophosphorus nerve agent mimics. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 4500–4501. https://doi.org/10.1021/JA057449I

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sadik, O. A., Land, W. H., & Wang, J. (2003). Targeting chemical and biological warfare agents at the molecular level. Electroanalysis, 15, 1149–1159. https://doi.org/10.1002/ELAN.200390140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kumar, V. (2021). Chromo-fluorogenic sensors for chemical warfare agents in real-time analysis: Journey towards accurate detection and differentiation. Chemical Communications, 57, 3430–3444. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CC00132A

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chang, J., Li, H., Hou, T., & Li, F. (2016). Paper-based fluorescent sensor for rapid naked-eye detection of acetylcholinesterase activity and organophosphorus pesticides with high sensitivity and selectivity. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 86, 971–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOS.2016.07.022

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sarkar, S., & Shunmugam, R. (2014). Polynorbornene derived 8-hydroxyquinoline paper strips for ultrasensitive chemical nerve agent surrogate sensing. Chemical Communications, 50, 8511–8513. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC03361B

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Dey, N., Jha, S., & Bhattacharya, S. (2018). Visual detection of a nerve agent simulant using chemically modified paper strips and dye-assembled inorganic nanocomposite. The Analyst, 143, 528–535. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7AN01058C

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Zheng, P., Abdurahman, A., Liu, G., et al. (2020). An instantaneously-responded, ultrasensitive, reutilizable fluorescent probe to sarin substitute both in solution and in gas phase. Sensors Actuators B Chem, 322, 128611. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2020.128611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Gotor, R., Royo, S., Costero, A. M., et al. (2012). Nerve agent simulant detection by using chromogenic triaryl methane cation probes. Tetrahedron, 68, 8612–8616. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TET.2012.07.091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Barba-Bon, A., Costero, A. M., Gil, S., et al. (2014). Selective chromo-fluorogenic detection of DFP (a Sarin and Soman mimic) and DCNP (a Tabun mimic) with a unique probe based on a boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dye. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 12, 8745–8751. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4OB01299B

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Han, S., Xue, Z., Wang, Z., & Bin, W. T. (2010). Visual and fluorogenic detection of a nerve agent simulant via a Lossen rearrangement of rhodamine–hydroxamate. Chemical Communications, 46, 8413–8415. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC02881A

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Sun, C., Xiong, W., Ye, W., et al. (2018). Fast and ultrasensitive detection of a nerve agent simulant using carbazole-based nanofibers with amplified ratiometric fluorescence responses. Analytical Chemistry, 90, 7131–7134. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ANALCHEM.8B01810/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/AC-2018-01810Y_0004.JPEG

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Royo, S., Costero, A. M., Parra, M., et al. (2011). Chromogenic, specific detection of the nerve-agent mimic DCNP (a Tabun Mimic). Chemistry–A European Journal, 17, 6931–6934. https://doi.org/10.1002/CHEM.201100602

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Goud, D. R., Pardasani, D., Tak, V., & Dubey, D. K. (2014). A highly selective visual detection of tabun mimic diethyl cyanophosphate (DCNP): Effective discrimination of DCNP from other nerve agent mimics. RSC Advances, 4, 24645–24648. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA02742F

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Jang, Y. J., Tsay, O. G., Murale, D. P., et al. (2014). Novel and selective detection of Tabun mimics. Chemical Communications, 50, 7531–7534. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC02689F

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Gupta, M., & Lee il, P. H. (2017). A dual responsive molecular probe for the efficient and selective detection of nerve agent mimics and copper (II) ions with controllable detection time. Sensors Actuators B Chem, 242, 977–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SNB.2016.09.156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Annisa, T. N., Jung, S. H., Gupta, M., et al. (2020). A Reusable polymeric film for the alternating colorimetric detection of a nerve agent mimic and ammonia vapor with sub-parts-per-million sensitivity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 12, 11055–11062. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSAMI.0C00042/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/AM0C00042_0005.JPEG

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Singh, N., Kumar, K., Srivastav, N., et al. (2018). Exploration of fluorescent organotin compounds of α-amino acid Schiff bases for the detection of organophosphorous chemical warfare agents: Quantification of diethylchlorophosphate. New Journal of Chemistry, 42, 8756–8764. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ01153B

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Balamurugan, A., & Il, L. H. (2016). A Visible Light Responsive On-Off Polymeric Photoswitch for the Colorimetric Detection of Nerve Agent Mimics in Solution and in the Vapor Phase. Macromolecules, 49, 2568–2574. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.MACROMOL.6B00309/SUPPL_FILE/MA6B00309_SI_001.PDF

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Gupta, M., & Il, L. H. (2017). A pyrene derived CO2-responsive polymeric probe for the turn-on fluorescent detection of nerve agent mimics with tunable sensitivity. Macromolecules, 50, 6888–6895. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.MACROMOL.7B01200/SUPPL_FILE/MA7B01200_SI_001.PDF

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Qiu, C., Li, K., Yan, W., et al. (2022). A 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (2-CEES) gas sensor based on a WO 3 /graphite nanocomposite with high selectivity and fast response-recovery properties. Materials Advances, 3, 6862–6868. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2MA00621A

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Yoo, R., Oh, C., Song, M.-J., et al. (2017). Sensing properties of ZnO nanoparticles for detection of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide as a mustard simulant. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 18, 1232–1236. https://doi.org/10.1166/JNN.2018.14205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Product Improvement Program to Increase the Nerve Agent Sensitivity of the M256 Chemical Agent Detector Kit. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADB113399. Accessed 22 Jan 2024

Download references

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the Science and Engineering Research Board and University Grants Commission, New Delhi, Govt. of India, for financial support. NT is indebted to the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Govt. of India, for providing Maulana Azad National Fellowship to her. SA, MM, TS, and JC are highly thankful to the government of West Bengal, India, for providing them with the Swami Vivekananda Merit-cum-Means Scholarship.

Funding

The present work is funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (File No: EEQ/2023/000048) and University Grants Commission (Start-up research grant), New Delhi, Govt. of India.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Darjeeling, West Bengal, 734013, India

    Najmin Tohora, Sabbir Ahamed, Manas Mahato, Tuhina Sultana, Jyoti Chourasia, Arpita Maiti & Sudhir Kumar Das

Authors
  1. Najmin Tohora
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sabbir Ahamed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manas Mahato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tuhina Sultana
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jyoti Chourasia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Arpita Maiti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Sudhir Kumar Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sudhir Kumar Das.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest to declare.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 3077 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tohora, N., Ahamed, S., Mahato, M. et al. Highly specific and sensitive chromo-fluorogenic detection of sarin, tabun, and mustard gas stimulants: a multianalyte recognition approach. Photochem Photobiol Sci 23, 763–780 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-024-00553-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-024-00553-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation