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Kaolin-graphene carboxyl incorporated TiO2 as efficient visible light active photocatalyst for the degradation of cefuroxime sodium

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Abstract

A novel solar light active photocatalyst, TiO2/kaolin-graphene carboxyl nanocomposite was synthesized by hydrothermal method for the degradation of cephalosporin antibiotic, cefuroxime sodium. The synthesized photocatalyst was characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) thermogravimetry (TG), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence (PL). The prepared TiO2/kaolin-graphene carboxyl nanocomposite exhibited efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) upon illumination with the solar simulator as compared to unmodified TiO2. The incorporation of both kaolin and graphene carboxyl was found to immobilize TiO2, enhancing the visible light absorption range of TiO2. Scavenger study revealed that hydroxyl radicals act as the main active species in the photocatalytic degradation process. The hydroxyl group present on kaolin surface reacts with photo-generated holes to increase the amount of hydroxyl radical, and further the graphene carboxyl plays a role to impede the recombination of photo-generated electron–hole pairs. Furthermore, the synthesized photocatalyst was found to degrade cefuroxime sodium within 90 min of sunlight illumination, indicating that TiO2/kaolin-graphene carboxyl nanocomposites would be very beneficial for pharmaceutical waste management through the advanced oxidation process. Mass spectral analysis was also carried out for elucidating the photocatalytic degradation pathway of cefuroxime sodium.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge The Management, Kuriakose Elias College for the support and encouragement throughout the study. The authors also wish to thank Sophisticated Analytical Instruments Facility (SAIF), STIC, Cochin for providing the necessary characterization facilities.

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  1. Research Department of Chemistry, Kuriakose Elias College, Mannanam, Kottayam, Kerala, 686561, India

    Mekha Susan Rajan & Jesty Thomas

  2. Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea

    Minjoong Yoon

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Rajan, M.S., Yoon, M. & Thomas, J. Kaolin-graphene carboxyl incorporated TiO2 as efficient visible light active photocatalyst for the degradation of cefuroxime sodium. Photochem Photobiol Sci 21, 509–528 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43630-022-00179-2

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