Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Demanding proper payment in extremely vulnerable labor markets:gender differences in the prevalence of violence

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
SN Social Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study examines a unique database of 724 individuals that informally look after cars parked in the streets. The study enriches our knowledge on the relationship between gender and the aggression exerted by these irregular workers on citizens. Employing a multivariate analysis, we find that men tend to commit acts of physical aggression more frequently than women, while women show greater verbal aggressiveness than men, when drivers underpay in this voluntary payment market. The results provided by the present study have implications to understand the dynamics in these understudied sectors and may be a valuable input for social policies. The findings may be useful also for other sectors with significant similarities, that is, those that work in the street doing different tasks in exchange for tips such as cleaning the windshields of the cars or juggling at the traffic lights. These results may shed light to the research and policy design in contexts where vulnerable workers strive for the informal ownership of a physical public space.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Materials described in the manuscript, including all relevant raw data, will be freely available to any researcher wishing to use them for non-commercial purposes, without breaching participant confidentiality. All datasets on which the conclusions of the paper rely will be available upon reasonable request.

References

  • Akerlof GA, Kranton RE (2000) Economics and identity. Q J Econ 115:715–753

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof GA, Kranton RE (2005) Identity and the economics of organizations. J Econ Perspect 19:9–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alesina A, Giuliano P (2011) Preferences for redistribution. In: Handbook of social economics, vol 1. North-Holland, pp. 93–131

  • Amarante V, Vigorito A (2006) Evolución de la Pobreza en el Uruguay. Instituto Nacional de Estadística, (INE)

  • Anderson CA, Bushman BJ (2002) Human aggression. Annu Rev Psychol 53:27–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer J (2004) Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: a meta-analytic review. Rev Gen Psychol 8(4):291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer J (2009) Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression? Behav Brain Sci 32(3–4):249–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Authors (2017) Asignación de derechos de usufructo en mercados informales: Evidencia desde las calles. Rev Econ Anal 32(2):39–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron RA, Neuman JH, Geddes D (1999) Social and personal determinants of workplace aggression: evidence for the impact of perceived injustice and the Type A behavior pattern. Aggress Behav 25(4):281–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bazley TD, Lersch KM, Mieczkowski T (2007) Officer force versus suspect resistance: a gendered analysis of patrol officers in an urban police department. J Crim Just 35(2):183–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bensimon M (2015) Aggressive situational cues among Israeli security personnel. J Interpers Violence 30(8):1403–1416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boels D (2014) It’s better than stealing: informal street selling in Brussels. Int J Sociol Soc Policy 34(9/10):670–693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant FB, Smith BD (2001) Refining the architecture of aggression: a measurement model for the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. J Res Pers 35(2):138–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buss AH, Perry M (1992) The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 63:452–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell A (2006) Sex differences in direct aggression: what are the psychological mediators? Aggress Violent Behav 11(3):237–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross C, Campbell A (2011) Women’s aggression. Aggress Violent Behav 16(5):390–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly AH, Sczesny S (2019) Gender roles in the future? Theoretical foundations and future research directions. Front Psychol 10

  • Eagly AH, Steffen VJ (1986) Gender and aggressive behavior: a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull 100(3):309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly AH, Wood W (1991) Explaining sex differences in social behavior: a meta-analytic perspective. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 17(3):306–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eagly AH, Wood W, Diekman AB (2000) Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: a current appraisal. Dev Soc Psychol Gender 12:174

    Google Scholar 

  • Friis CB, Liebst LS, Philpot R, Lindegaard MR (2020) Ticket inspectors in action: Body-worn camera analysis of aggressive and nonaggressive passenger encounters. Psychol Violence 10:483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funk P, Gathmann C (2015) Gender gaps in policy making: evidence from direct democracy in Switzerland. Econ Policy 30(81):141–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garner JH, Maxwell CD (2002) Understanding the prevalence and severity of force used by and against the police. National Institute of Justice, Rockville

    Google Scholar 

  • Geoffrion S, Goncalves J, Sader J, Boyer R, Marchand A, Guay S (2017) Workplace aggression against health care workers, law enforcement officials, and bus drivers: differences in prevalence, perceptions, and psychological consequences. J Work Behav Health 32(3):172–189

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gerevich J, Bácskai E, Czobor P (2007) The generalizability of the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 16(3):124–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin C (2002) A pollution theory of discrimination: male and female differences in occupations and earnings. National Bureau of Economic Research (No. w8985)

  • Hershcovis MS, Turner N, Barling J, Arnold KA, Dupré KE, Inness M et al (2007) Predicting workplace aggression: a meta-analysis. J Appl Psychol 92(1):228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hess NH, Hagen EH (2006) Sex differences in indirect aggression: psychological evidence from young adults. Evol Hum Behav 27(3):231–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman PB, Hickey ER (2005) Use of force by female police officers. J Crim Just 33(2):145–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michel JS, Hargis MB (2017) What motivates deviant behavior in the workplace? An examination of the mechanisms by which procedural injustice affects deviance. Motiv Emot 41(1):51–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Municipality of Montevideo (IMM, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo). (2015). Department of Transportation. http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/default/files/biblioteca/vehiculosempadronadosal31122015.pdf. Accessed 10 June 2016

  • Municipality of Montevideo (IMM, Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo). (2018). Digesto municipal. http://imnube.montevideo.gub.uy/share/s/W-5G1M8vS_WgeY1BuFZSEw. Accessed 25 July 2018

  • Parsons D, Jesilow P (2001) In the same voice: women and men in law enforcement. Seven Locks Press, Santa Ana

    Google Scholar 

  • Plant EA, Hyde JS, Keltner D, Devine PG (2000) The gender stereotyping of emotions. Psychol Women Q 24:81–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabe-Hemp CE (2008) Female officers and the ethic of care: does officer gender impact police behaviors? J Crim Just 36:426–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter A, Hine DW (2005) Sex differences in workplace aggression: an investigation of moderation and mediation effects. Aggress Behav 31(3):254–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuck AM, Rabe-Hemp C (2005) Women police: the use of force by and against female officers. J Women Crim Justice 16:91–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staniloiu A, Markowitsch H (2012) Gender differences in violence and aggression—a neurobiological perspective. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 33:1032–1036

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uruguayan National Institute of Statistics (INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística). (2011). Census 2011. http://www.ine.gub.uy/web/guest/censos-2011. Accessed 10 June 2016

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UM Center for Applied Research in Economics, School of Business and Economics, Universidad de Montevideo, 2544 Prudencio de Pena St, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Alejandro Cid, José María Cabrera & Magdalena Blanco

Authors
  1. Alejandro Cid
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. José María Cabrera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Magdalena Blanco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alejandro Cid.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All the review was performed following the ethical standards.

Informed consent

All individual participants provided informed consent.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cid, A., Cabrera, J.M. & Blanco, M. Demanding proper payment in extremely vulnerable labor markets:gender differences in the prevalence of violence. SN Soc Sci 1, 184 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00189-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00189-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation