Abstract
In the present study, the effects of a Thai Traditional herbal recipe called “trikatu” on a cholangiocarcinoma cell line were explored. This classic Ayurvedic remedy is an herbal blend of dried powdered Piper nigrum L., Piperaceae, Piper retrofractum Vahl, Piperaceae, and Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae. The HPLC quantitative analysis of the active compounds in the formulation were investigated. Total flavonoid, total phenolic contents, and antioxidant assay were performed. Cytotoxic study was determined using sulforhodamine B assay. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were evaluated by propidium iodide and annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Western blot analysis was done to evaluate protein expression. Above all, HPLC analyses revealed that the major active constituent was piperine. The result showed that “trikatu” significantly inhibited the migration of cholangiocarcinoma cell which also induced cell cycle arrest on G2 phase via a decrease in the expression of CDK2 and p53, and upregulation of p21and p27. “Trikatu” showed antioxidant capacity, expressed high piperine content, and had anti-cell viability and anti-proliferation effect on cholangiocarcinoma in vitro.
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References
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Faculty of Natural Resources, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Sakon Nakhon campus, and Research Affair. We would also like to thank the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, for providing laboratory facilities, the Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute for cancer cell line establishment and special thanks to Ms. Martha Maloi Eromine for helping with the English editing of the manuscript.
Funding
The Thai Traditional Medical was funded (grant no. 62/2562) by the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand.
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KN: data collection, data analysis; PS and JP: data analysis and interpretation; and TB; critical revision of the article; RA: conception and design of the work, and drafting the article.
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Nakasen, K., Sriraj, P., Prathumtet, J. et al. Trikatu, a Thai Ayurvedic Remedy of Piper nigrum, Piper retrofractum, and Zingiber officinale Promotes Anti-cholangiocarcinoma Cell Proliferation via Cell Cycle Arrest. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 33, 222–229 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-022-00339-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43450-022-00339-6