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Forced swimming stress increases natatory activity of lead-exposed mice

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Abstract

Recent evidence points to the relationship between lead toxicity and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which suggests that lead exposure could influence how an individual cope with stress. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating the behavioral effects of lead exposure in mice during the forced swimming test (FST), a parading in which animals are exposed to a stressful situation and environment. Swiss mice received either 180 ppm or 540 ppm of lead acetate (Pb) in their ad-lib water supply for 60–90 days, starting at postnatal day 30. Control (Ctrl) mice drank tap water. At the end of the exposure period, mice were submitted to a 5-min session of FST or to an open-field session of the same duration. Data from naïve animals showed that corticosterone levels were higher for animals tested in the FST compared to animals tested in the open-field. Blood-lead levels (BLL) in Pb-exposed mice ranged from 14.3 to 106.9 µg/dL. No differences were observed in spontaneous locomotion between Ctrl and Pb-exposed groups in the open-field. However, in the FST, Pb-treated mice displayed higher swimming activity than Ctrl ones and this effect was observed even for animals with BLL higher than 20 µg/dL. Furthermore, significant differences in brain glutathione levels, used as an indicator of led toxicity, were only observed for BLL higher than 40 µg/dL. Overall, these findings suggest that swimming activity in the FST is a good indicator of lead toxicity and confirm our prediction that lead toxicity influences behavioral responses associated to stress.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ-BRAZIL), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq-BRAZIL) and SR2-UERJ. The authors are thankful to to Ulisses Risso for animal care.

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  1. Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil

    Ulisses C. Araujo, Bruna M. Lotufo, Yael de Abreu-Villaça, Alex C. Manhães & Cláudio C. Filgueiras

  2. Departamento de Psicologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Thomas E. Krahe

  3. Departamento de Ciências, Faculdade de Formação de Professores da, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Dr. Francisco Portela 1470-Patronato, São Gonçalo, RJ, 24435-005, Brazil

    Anderson Ribeiro-Carvalho

  4. Centro de Estudos da Saúde Do Trabalhador E Ecologia Humana, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-210, Brazil

    Regina A. A. Gomes & Maria de Fátima R. Moreira

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Araujo, U.C., Krahe, T.E., Ribeiro-Carvalho, A. et al. Forced swimming stress increases natatory activity of lead-exposed mice. Toxicol Res. 37, 115–124 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43188-020-00045-2

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