Abstract
Sustainable chemical production through biomass pyrolysis is attractive. This is necessary to suppress massive dependence on fossil resources. Nevertheless, the liquid product as raw bio-crude oil (RBCO) from biomass pyrolysis still contains high water content. In this study, batch vacuum distillation of RBCO from empty fruit bunches (EFB) pyrolysis was performed at 80\(-\)95 °C and 30\(-\)45 kPa to produce light distillate. The highest yield of light distillate is acquired at 69.73–88.27% under 95 °C and 30 kPa. The functional groups in RBCO and light distillate indicate the presence of water (O–H bond), acetic acid (C = O bond), and phenol (C = C–C aromatic ring and O–H bond). This is also proven by the results from Karl-Fischer of RBCO that water contained at 66.77% whereas GC–MS of RBCO show the concentrations of acetic acid is 16.02% and phenol is 26.53%. Physically, the light distillate had a light brown color and smoky odor, with density range of 0.96–0.99 g/ml and viscosity range of 0.60–0.93 cP. According to this study, light distillate has water content of 70.57–98.81%. During vacuum distillation, acetic acid and phenol, as the major chemicals contained in RBCO, are also dissolved in the aqueous phase with the highest concentrations of 0.28% and 0.09%, respectively. Looking at its chemical components, this light distillate has the potential for food preservatives or agricultural biopesticides.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Mr. Harben for his great and kind assistance in the pyrolysis process from building the equipment to the main pyrolysis experiment.
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This study was financially supported by PPMI ITB Research Scheme, Center for Higher Education Fund (BPPT), and The Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP).
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Fika Dwi Oktavia: writing—original draft, methodology, investigation, data curation, visualization. Soen Steven: writing—review and editing, formal analysis, critical revising, mathematical modelling derivation, visualization. Anisa Helena Isma Putri: formal analysis. Pandit Hernowo: formal analysis, mathematical modelling derivation. Elvi Restiawaty: supervision. Yazid Bindar: conceptualization, supervision.
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Oktavia, F.D., Steven, S., Putri, A.H.I. et al. Vacuum distillation of raw bio-crude oil (RBCO) from empty fruit bunches (EFB) pyrolysis to produce light distillate containing acetic acid and phenol for sustainable chemical purposes. Braz. J. Chem. Eng. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-024-00448-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43153-024-00448-w