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Effect of In Vitro Maturation of Human Oocytes Obtained After Controlled Ovarian Hormonal Stimulation on the Expression of Development- and Zona Pellucida-Related Genes and Their Interactions

  • Reproductive Genetics: Original Article
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A Correction to this article was published on 08 August 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

In an in vitro fertilization program, approximately 10–15% of oocytes obtained after controlled ovarian stimulation are immature, with germinal vesicles (GVs). These oocytes are usually discarded in clinical practice; however, an in vitro maturation (IVM) procedure can be applied to mature them. There are scarce data in the literature on the effect of IVM on the expression of important development- and zona pellucida (ZP)–related genes in human oocytes; therefore, we wanted to determine this. One hundred nine human oocytes were collected from patients enrolled in an intracytoplasmic sperm injection program. The expression of the BMP4, GDF9, ZP1, ZP2, ZP3, and ZP4 genes was analyzed using RT–qPCR in oocytes matured in vitro with different reproductive hormones in the IVM medium (AMH, FSH + hCG, FSH + hCG + AMH), in in vivo matured oocytes and in immature oocytes with GVs. No statistically significant differences in the expression of selected genes in oocytes were observed among groups with different reproductive hormones in IVM medium. However, several interesting significant correlations were found between BMP4 and GDF9, and ZP1 and ZP4; between GDF9 and ZP1, and ZP2 and ZP4; and between ZP1 and ZP3 and ZP4 in the in vitro matured oocytes, while no such correlations were present in other groups of oocytes. The type of reproductive hormone in the maturation medium does not affect the expression of the analyzed genes in oocytes during the maturation process. However, the in vitro maturation procedure itself generated correlations among analyzed genes that were otherwise not present in in vivo matured and immature oocytes.

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Data Availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Change history

Abbreviations

AMH:

Anti-Müllerian hormone

AMHR2:

Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor 2

ART:

Assisted reproductive technology

BMI:

Body mass index

BMP4:

Bone morphogenic protein 4

BMP15:

Bone morphogenic protein 15

COCs:

Cumulus-oocyte complexes

CTCF:

Corrected total cell fluorescence

FSH:

Follicle-stimulating hormone

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GDF9:

Growth differentiation factor 9

GnRH:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

GV:

Germinal vesicle

GVs:

Germinal vesicles

hCG:

Human chorionic gonadotropin

HPRT1:

Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1

ICSI:

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection

IVF:

In vitro fertilization

IVM:

In vitro maturation

PCOS:

Polycystic ovaries syndrome

PGD:

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

RT–qPCR:

Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor-β

UBC:

Ubiquitin C

ZP:

Zona pellucida

ZP1:

Zona pellucida glycoprotein 1

ZP2:

Zona pellucida glycoprotein 2

ZP3:

Zona pellucida glycoprotein 3

ZP4:

Zona pellucida glycoprotein 4

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all colleagues at the IVF Unit (gynecologists, embryologists, and nurses) of University Medical Centre Ljubljana, the patients who kindly donated their oocytes for this research, and all others who contributed to this work.

Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding no. P3-0124, no. P1-0390, and no. J3-2530 and young researcher scholarship for Jure Bedenk).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clinical Research Centre, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Jure Bedenk & Irma Virant Klun

  2. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Tadeja Režen

  3. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Nina Jančar

  4. Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Ksenija Geršak

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  1. Jure Bedenk
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Contributions

J.B. performed most of the experiments, performed most of the data analysis, and wrote the manuscript. T.R. performed part of the experiments (gene expression analysis) and part of the data analysis. N.J. performed ovarian stimulation and oocyte collection. K.G. performed part of the experiments. I.V.K. contributed to the idea and study design, performed part of the experiments, gave guidance and suggestions, and performed supervision. All authors contributed toward the drafting and revision of the paper and gave final approval of the version to be published.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jure Bedenk.

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Ethics Approval

Ethics were approved by the Republic of Slovenia National Medical Ethics Committee with the trial number 0120–546/208/6.

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All participants in the study gave written informed consent for using their oocytes in this study.

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Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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This article was updated to correct the tagging of Irma Virant Klun's name.

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Bedenk, J., Režen, T., Jančar, N. et al. Effect of In Vitro Maturation of Human Oocytes Obtained After Controlled Ovarian Hormonal Stimulation on the Expression of Development- and Zona Pellucida-Related Genes and Their Interactions. Reprod. Sci. 30, 667–677 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43032-022-01047-1

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