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Impacts of ocean acidification under multiple stressors on typical organisms and ecological processes

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Abstract

The oceans are taking up over one million tons of fossil CO2 per hour, resulting in increased pCO2 and declining pH, leading to ocean acidification (OA). At the same time, accumulation of CO2 and other greenhouse gases is causing ocean warming, which enhances stratification with thinned upper mixed layers, exposing planktonic organisms to increasing levels of daytime integrated UV radiation. Ocean warming also reduces dissolved oxygen in seawater, resulting in ocean deoxygenation. All these ocean global changes are impacting marine ecosystems and effects are well documented for each individual driver (pH, oxygen, temperature, UV). However, combined effects are still poorly understood, strongly limiting our ability to project impacts at regional or local levels. Different regions are often exposed (and often adapted) to contrastingly different physical and chemical environmental conditions and organisms, and ecosystems from different parts of the world will be exposed to unique combinations of stressors in the future. Understanding the modulating role of adaptation, species niche and stressors’ interaction is key. This review, being a non-exhaustively explored one, aims to provide an overview on understandings of ecophysiological effects of OA and its combination with covarying drivers, mainly warming, deoxygenation and solar UV radiation. We propose a testable hypothetical model as well as future research perspectives.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos 41720104005, 41721005, 31872587), the Joint Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China and Shandong Province (No. U1606404), the Shanghai Pujiang Talent Program (18PJ1404000), and Shanghai Municipal Natural Science Foundation (17ZR1412900).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China

    Kunshan Gao & Guang Gao

  2. International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 201306, China

    Youji Wang

  3. Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences (BioEnv), University of Gothenburg, The Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure - Kristineberg, 45178, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden

    Sam Dupont

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  1. Kunshan Gao
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KG and GG designed this review. GG, KG, YW, and SD wrote the article. All authors revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Kunshan Gao.

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Gao, K., Gao, G., Wang, Y. et al. Impacts of ocean acidification under multiple stressors on typical organisms and ecological processes. Mar Life Sci Technol 2, 279–291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42995-020-00048-w

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