Abstract
Mammals tend to align their most energetically demanding phenological events with periods of peak resource availability. Their reproductive phenology is influenced by local resource availability, potentially leading to geographical variation in their breeding strategy. Although the Amazon is the world’s epicenter of bat diversity, the reproductive phenology of Amazonian bats remains poorly known. Seasonality induces fluctuations in resource availability and most phyllostomid species, crucial agents of seed dispersal, pollination and arthropod suppression in the Neotropics, have been described to exhibit seasonal bimodal polyestry. However, current understanding of phyllostomid reproductive phenology is impaired by the paucity of comparative examinations of the phenologies of sympatric species, using consistent classification schemes based on the number and timing of annual peaks in pregnancy and lactation. Using a multi-year dataset from Central Amazonia, we examined the reproductive phenology of nine bat species (Artibeus concolor, A. obscurus, A. lituratus, Carollia brevicauda, C. perspicillata, Gardnerycteris crenulatum, Lophostoma silvicolum, Rhinophylla pumilio, and Trachops cirrhosus), as well as two feeding ensembles (i.e., frugivores and gleaning animalivores). Only three of the nine species exhibited a bimodal reproductive phenology. Six species and the frugivore ensemble showed unimodal reproductive phenology, while gleaning animalivores displayed an amodal pregnancy pattern. All species except L. silvicolum had their primary pregnancy peak during the mid-dry season. A reproductive peak during the early wet season, or local variation in the duration of the fruiting season may explain the deviation of our observations from the expected bimodal polyestry.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the BDFFP management team for logistical support and the multiple colleagues, volunteers and field assistants that helped collect data and provided logistic support. These include: Jorge M. Palmeirim, Oriol Massana, Diogo F. Ferreira, Marta Acácio, Gilberto Fernandez, Milou Groenenberg, Rodrigo Marciente, Madalena Boto, Inês Silva, Julia Treitler, Solange Farias, Ubirajara Capaverde Jr., Alaércio Reis, Luiz Queiroz, Josimar Menezes, Osmaildo Silva, José Tenaçol, Paulo E.D. Bobrowiec, José L.C. Camargo, Rosely Hipólito and Ary Jorge Ferreira. This research constitutes publication number 835 in the BDFFP technical series.
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This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under Grants PTDC/BIABIC/111184/2009 (CFJM), SFRH/BD/80488/2011 and 2020.01129.CEECIND/CP1601/CT0004 (RR) and PD/BD/52597/2014 (ALB). Additional funding was provided by Bat Conservation International to RR and ALB and by ARDITI—Madeira’s Regional Agency for the Development of Research, Technology and Innovation (Grant M1420-09-5369-FSE-000002) to RR.
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CM and RR conceived and designed the study. Data collection was performed by RR, ALB, FF and CM. Data analysis was performed by QH and JP. QH wrote the first draft and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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42991_2022_242_MOESM1_ESM.tiff
Fig. 1 Distribution of (a): the number of pregnant females along the year of each species and ensembles (b): the number of lactating females along the year for each species and ensembles. The acronyms around the circle correspond to the six considered time periods EW early wet season; MW – mid wet season; LW – late wet season; ED – early dry season; MD – mid dry season; and, LD - late dry season. Each section of the histogram displays the number of observations falling within this period. The black line running from the center of the diagram to the outer edge represents the mean angle of the data with its 95% confidence limits (TIFF 17008 KB)
42991_2022_242_MOESM2_ESM.tiff
Fig. 2 Potential cover image: Dwarf little fruit bat (Rhinophylla pumilio)—Photo by Adrià López-Baucells (TIFF 43135 KB)
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Hazard, Q.C.K., Sabino-Pinto, J., López-Baucells, A. et al. Reproductive phenologies of phyllostomid bats in the Central Amazon. Mamm Biol 102, 417–428 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00242-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00242-6