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Cosmogenic data about offset uplifted river terraces and erosion rates: implication regarding the central North Anatolian Fault and the Central Pontides

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Abstract

River terraces are geomorphological markers recording deformation. Here, we use four strath and fill river terraces along the Kızılırmak River in Turkey to unravel the deformation along the convex arc formed by the central North Anatolian Fault (NAF), a continental transform fault. 10Be, 26Al, 36Cl cosmogenic exposure ages of T3 and T2 strath terraces constrain their formation at 83 ± 15 ka and 67 ± 7 ka, respectively. We evidence frost-cracking during humid cold periods that bought younger carbonate cobbles on both terraces. T1, a younger fill terrace was probably emplaced during the MIS3 (30–40 ka) aggradational period or during the last glacial–interglacial transition. T0, the most recent fill terrace, was incised shortly before the 1668 earthquake based on 14C dating. It records a cumulated 14 ± 2 m offset linked to the 1943 and 1668 earthquakes. T3 shows a maximum offset of ~ 845 m and constrains a 10 mm/year geological slip rate that is lower than Holocene slip rates. It suggests temporal change in slip rates along the NAF. T2 and T3 also evidenced an uplift of 1 mm/year induced by transpressive deformation accommodated close to the NAF. Compared to the 0.28 mm/year obtained to the north, a larger portion of the shortening in the Central Pontides is accommodated close to the driving plate boundary. We also evidenced high cosmogenic-based erosion rates in Pontides during the Holocene, and even higher rates during T3 planation. Erosion rates were combined with present-day relief to infer a first-order minimal shortening of 12–16 km using simple mass balance principles in the Central Pontides. This long-term shortening is larger than the one induced by the Anatolian rotation suggesting a far field effect of the collision.

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Acknowledgements

Our field study was greatly enhanced by the organizing assistance of Erhan Altunnel from Osmangazi University, Eskishir, Turkey. The trenches were opened by Jeff Fraser. Many thanks to Sevgi Altinok and Cagil Karakas for help in the field. We acknowledge the European Commission for funding this project as part of the Marie Curie Excellence Grant Project “Understanding the Irregularity of Seismic Cycles: A Case Study in Turkey” (MEXT-CT-2005-025617: Seismic Cycles). We are thankful to an anonymous reviewer as well as to Cengiz Zabcı that significantly contributes to improving the paper by his detailed review. Supplemental information and data would be found below.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geography, Sart Tilman, Quartier Village 4, clos Mercator 3, 4000, Liège 1, Belgium

    Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari & Jean Van Campenhout

  2. Beicip Franlab, 92502, Rueil-Malmaison, France

    Laureen Drab

  3. Active Tectonique IPGS-EOST, 5, rue René Descartes, 67084, Strasbourg, France

    Jérome Van Der Woerd

  4. CEREGE UMR CNRS 6635, Université Aix-Marseille III, Europole Méditerranéen de L’Arbois, BP 80, 13545, Aix en Provence, France

    Lucilla Benedetti

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  1. Aurélia Hubert-Ferrari
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  3. Jérome Van Der Woerd
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Hubert-Ferrari, A., Drab, L., Van Der Woerd, J. et al. Cosmogenic data about offset uplifted river terraces and erosion rates: implication regarding the central North Anatolian Fault and the Central Pontides. Med. Geosc. Rev. 3, 129–157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42990-021-00057-6

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