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Developing a Total Cost of Ownership Model for Semi-Automated, Automated and Electric Vehicles

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Abstract

Technological changes in the automobile industry accelerate the development of alternative fuel vehicles and automated driving. These changes affect the vehicle fleet mix in urban areas, and affect the total cost of ownership (TCO) per vehicle technology. The goal of this paper is to expand the traditional TCO model to enable the comparison of vehicle technologies. To achieve this goal, a set of indicators is identified to build the TCO model and assess three-vehicle technologies: A Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), an Electric Vehicle (EV) and an Automated Electric Vehicle (AEV). Two levels of automation are used for the AEV: the level three (L3) or “conditional driving automation” and level five (L5) “full automation”. The study applies the developed method using data for the French market. The assessment shows that while the EV is the most economical vehicle when considering the TCO, the HEV is more economical during the first two years. The high purchase cost of the AEV L3 does not compensate during the vehicle lifetime compared to the other two technologies (i.e., HEV and EV), although it profits from lower maintenance and time costs. The TCO for the AEV L5 at the end of its lifetime is lower than the initial purchase value, revealing the social benefits of full automation. The HEV approximates the TCO of the AEV L3 at the end of its lifetime, however, the higher expected resale value of the HEV makes it attractive, in the short-term, for consumers that desire lower purchase cost and higher resale value.

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Funding

“This research is co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Social Fund- ESF) through the Operational Programme «Human Resources Development, Education and Lifelong Learning 2014–2020» in the context of the project “A Total Cost of Ownership Model for Automated and Electric Vehicles (TCO4AEV)” (MIS 5049185).”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Lambros Mitropoulos, Konstantinos Kouretas & Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou

  2. School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Eleni Vlahogianni

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  1. Lambros Mitropoulos
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  2. Konstantinos Kouretas
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  3. Konstantinos Kepaptsoglou
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  4. Eleni Vlahogianni
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Contributions

The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: Mitropoulos; data collection: Mitropoulos, Kouretas; analysis and interpretation of results: Mitropoulos, Kouretas; draft manuscript preparation: Mitropoulos, Kouretas, Kepaptsoglou and Vlahogianni.

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Correspondence to Lambros Mitropoulos.

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This article is part of the topical collection “Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems” guest edited by Oleg Gusikhin and Markus Helfert.

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Mitropoulos, L., Kouretas, K., Kepaptsoglou, K. et al. Developing a Total Cost of Ownership Model for Semi-Automated, Automated and Electric Vehicles. SN COMPUT. SCI. 3, 322 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42979-022-01214-w

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