Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparative analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate-based biotic and diversity indices used to evaluate the water quality of Kozluoluk Stream (West Anatolia of Turkey)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Community Ecology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems are vitally important which supports biological diversity. With this aim, a total of eight biotic and three species diversity indices were used to determine water quality of Kozluoluk Stream in West Anatolia of Turkey. The biotic indices were: Saprobi (SI), Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP-O, BMWP-S and BMWP-G), Average Score per Taxon (ASPT), Family Biotic Index (FBI), Belgian Biotic Index (BBI), EPT-Taxa [%], and species diversity indices consisted of: Shannon–Weaver (SWDI), Simpsons (SDI) and Margalef (MDI). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the physicochemical and biotic dataset. Similarities between the sampling stations were clustered by using cluster analysis (CLUS). Pearson-based correlations were used to determine which index is more suitable in determining water quality of the stream. The nine taxonomic groups were found in Kozluoluk Stream consisting of Amphipoda, Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, Odonata, Coleoptera and Diptera. The 1st and 2nd stations (90%) were the most similar stations in terms of benthic macroinvertebrate species distribution. The results indicate that the ASPT, BBI, BMWP-O, BMWP-S, BMWP-G and EPT-Taxa [%] are more proper than FBI and SI indices to determine the water quality of Kozluoluk Stream. The water quality along the stream varied from good class in upstream stations, to moderate in downstream stations. This study clearly showed that the specific biotic index according to the ecological characteristics of Turkey should be developed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akay, E., & Dalkıran, N. (2020). Assessing biological water quality of Yalakdere stream (Yalova, Turkey) with benthic macroinvertebrate-based metrics. Biologia, 75, 1347–1363. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-019-00387-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akyildiz, G. K., & Duran, M. (2021). Evaluation of the impact of heterogeneous environmental pollutants on benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality by long-term monitoring of the buyuk menderes river basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, 280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-08981-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • APHA (American Public Health Association). (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st ed.). American Public Health Association.

  • AQEM Consortium. (2002). The AQEM sampling method to be applied in STAR. Chapters 7–8. http://www.eu-star.at/pdf/AqemMacroinvertebrateSamplingProtocol.pdf

  • Başören, Ö., & Kazancı, N. (2016). Water quality assessment of Fırtına Stream (Rize, Turkey) by using various macroinvertebrate based metrics and physicochemical variables. Review of Hydrobiology, 9(1), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çamur-Elipek, B., Arslan, N., Kirgiz, T., Öterler, B., Güher, H., & Özkan, N. (2010). Analysis of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Relation to Environmental Variables of Lake Gala, a National Park of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10(2), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2010.0212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, K. R., Somerfield, P. J., & Chapman, M. G. (2006). On resemblance measures for ecological studies, including taxonomic dissimilarities and a zero-adjusted Bray-Curtis coefficient for denuded assemblages. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 1(7), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.12.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duran, M., & Akyıldız, G. K. (2011). Evaluating benthic macroinvertebrate fauna and water quality of Suleymanli Lake (Buldan-Denizli) in Turkey. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 63(2), 169–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ertaş, A., Boz, T., & Tüney-Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). Determination of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna and some physicochemical properties of Balaban Lake (Menderes- Izmir). Aquatic Science and Engineering, 36(3), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.26650/ASE2020821658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertaş, A., Tüney-Kızılkaya, İ, & Yorulmaz, B. (2020). Determination of diversity and species composition of the benthic macroinvertebrates in Sangı stream (Izmir Turkey). Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity, 4, 19–30. https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2020.125757.1137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertaş, A., Yaşartürk, M., Boz, T., & Tüney-Kızılkaya, İ. (2021). Evaluation of the water quality of karabal stream (Gediz River, Turkey) and comparative performance of the used ındices. Acta Aquatica Turcica, 17(3), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.22392/actaquatr.819579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ertaş, A., & Yorulmaz, B. (2021). Assessing water quality in the Kelebek Stream branch (Gediz River Basin, West Anatolia of Turkey) using physicochemical and macroinvertebrate-based indices. Aquatic Research, 4(3), 260–278. https://doi.org/10.3153/AR21020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faessel, B. (1985). Les Trichopteres. Bulletin Francaise de la Peche et de la Pisciculture, 299, 1–41.

  • Kalyoncu, H., Yorulmaz, B., Barlas, M., Yıldırım, M. Z., & Zeybek, M. (2008). Aksu Çayı’nın su kalitesi ve fizikokimyasal parametrelerin makroomurgasız çeşitliliği üzerine etkisi. Fırat Üni Fen ve Müh Bil Dergisi, 20(1), 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantzaris, V., Iliopoulou- Georgudaki, J., Katharios, P., & Kaspiris, P. (2002). A comparison of several biotic indices used for water quality assessment at the Greek Rivers. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 11(11), 1000–1007.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kara, C., & Çömlekçioğlu, U. (2004). Investigation of karacay’s (Kahramanmaraş) pollution with biological and psycho-chemical parameters (in Turkish with English abstract). Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University Journal of Science and Engineering, 7(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazancı, G. N., Türkmen, G., Ekingen, P., & Başören, Ö. (2013). Preparation of a biotic index (Yeşilırmak-BMWP) for water quality monitoring of Yeşilırmak River (Turkey) by using benthic macroinvertebrates. Review of Hydrobiology, 6(1), 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kocataş, A. (2008). Ecology and environmental biology (10th ed.). Ege University Faculty of Science Press.

  • Korycińska, M., & Królak, E. (2006). The use of various biotic indices for evaluation of water quality in the Lowland Rivers of Poland (Exemplified by the Liwiec River). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 15(3), 419–428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koşalşahin, S., & Zeybek, M. (2019). Diversity and Species Composition of the Macrobenthic Invertebrates in Sürgü Stream (Malatya, Turkey). Journal of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 10(1), 60–67p. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.529074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenat, D. (1993). Freshwater biomonitoring and benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 12, 220–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C. W., Lin, K. H., & Kuo, Y. M. (2003). Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. The Science of the Total Environment, 313, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00683-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manjarrés-Hernández, A., Guisande, C., García-Roselló, E., Heine, J., Pelayo-Villamil, P., Pérez-Costas, E., González-Vilas, L., González-Dacosta, J., Duque, S. R., Granado-Lorencio, C., & Lobo, J. M. (2021). Predicting the effects of climate change on future freshwater fish diversity at global scale. Nature Conservation, 43, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.43.58997

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ode, P. R., Rehn, A. C., & May, J. T. (2005). A quantitative tool for assessing the integrity of southern coastal California streams. Environmental Management, 35, 493–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogleni, N., & Topal, B. (2011). Water quality assessment of the Mudurnu River (Turkey), using biotic indices. Water Resources Managemant, 25, 2487–2508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9822-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paisley, M. F., Trigg, D. J., & Walley, W. J. (2013). Revision of the biological monitoring working party (BMWP) score system derivation of present-only and abundance-related scores from field data. River Research and Applications, 30, 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, W. (1954). Fundamentals of the investigation of the temperature conditions in the watercourses (in German). Ber. Limnol. Flusstation, Freudenthal, 6, 29–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serdar, O., & Verep, B. (2018). The ınvestigation of water quality of iyidere and çiftekavak streams using physico-chemical and biotic ındexes. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 4(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.398725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shrestha, S., & Kazama, F. (2007). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of the Fuji river basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling and Software, 22, 464–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., Malik, A., Mohan, D., & Sinha, S. (2004). Multivariate statistical techniques for the evaluation of spatial and temporal variations in water quality of Gomti River (India): A case study. Water Research, 38, 3980–3992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.06.011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. P., Malik, A., & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—A case study. Analytica Chimica Acta, 538, 355–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stroot, P. (1984). Faunistique et r6partition longitudinale des Trichopteres dans une riviere salmonicole de basse montagne, en Belgique. Hydrobiologia, 108, 245–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sukatar, A., Ertaş, A., Gülle, İ, & Tüney-Kızılkaya, İ. (2020). Trophic State Assessment of Brackish Bafa Lake (Turkey) Based on Community Structure of Zooplankton. Limnofish- Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research, 6(2), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.17216/limnofish.680070

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suryani, S. A. M. P., Arya, I. W., & Suparta, I. M. (2018). Pollution with saprobic ındex and nutrition value coefficient of fish. International Journal of Life Sciences, 2(2), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v2n2.134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taşdemir, A., Yıldız, S., Özbek, M., Ustaoğlu, M. R., & Balık, S. (2010). The macrobenthic (Oligocheta, Chironomidae, Amphipoda) fauna of Tahtali reservoir (Izmir). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 4(4), 376–383. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2010040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uyanık, S., Yılmaz, G., Yeşilnacar, M. I., Aslan, M., & Demir, O. (2005). Rapid assessment of river water quality in Turkey using benthic macroinvertebrates. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 14, 268–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varol, M., & Şen, B. (2009). Assessment of surface water quality using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study of Behrimaz Stream, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 159, 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0650-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verep, B., Serdar, O., Turan, D., & Şahin, C. (2005). Determination of water quality in terms of physico-chemical structure of the River Iyidere (Trabzon). Ecology, 14(57), 26–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wetzel, R. G. (2001). Limnology lake and reservoir ecosystems. Academic Press.

  • WFD Water Framework Directive. (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework for community action in the field of water policy. PE-CONS 3639/1/00 REV 1 EN, 62 pp.

  • Yorulmaz, B., & Ertaş, A. (2021). Water quality assessment of Selendi Stream and comparative performance of the indices based on benthic macroinvertebrates and physicochemical parameters. Biologia, 76, 2599–2607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00756-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yorulmaz, B., Sukatar, A., & Barlas, M. (2015). Comparative analysis of biotic indices for evaluation of water quality of Esen River in South-West Anatolia, TURKEY. Fresenius Enviromental Bulletin, 24(1a), 188–94.

  • Zeybek, M. (2017). Macroinvertebrate-based biotic indices for evaluating the water quality of Kargı Stream (Antalya, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41, 476–548. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1602-10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., & Ertan, Ö. O. (2012). Species composition and distribution of mollusca in relation to water quality. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 12, 721–729. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v12_3_21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeybek, M., Kalyoncu, H., Karakuş, B., & Özgül, S. (2014). The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Değirmendere Stream (Isparta, Turkey). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 603–613. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1310-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful for the support and experience to Burak Gökçe

Funding

This study is supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit, Project Number: FGA-2020–21348.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, İzmir, Bornova, Turkey

    Alperen Ertas, Tugba Boz & Inci Tüney Kızılkaya

Authors
  1. Alperen Ertas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Tugba Boz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Inci Tüney Kızılkaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AE, TB and ITK. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AE. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alperen Ertas.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ertas, A., Boz, T. & Tüney Kızılkaya, I. Comparative analysis of benthic macroinvertebrate-based biotic and diversity indices used to evaluate the water quality of Kozluoluk Stream (West Anatolia of Turkey). COMMUNITY ECOLOGY 22, 381–390 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-021-00061-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42974-021-00061-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation