Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of Solid Beer Factory Waste as a Partial Replacement of Gypsum for Stabilization of Weak Subgrade Soil

  • Original Research Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The problem of expansive soil is a major one, since it causes damage to civil engineering projects and has an impact on Ethiopia’s road development expansion. Brewery spent grain (BSG) is an agro-industrial solid waste product of the beer manufacturing process. Determine the pozzolanic property and elemental composition of BSG ash after it has been converted to ash. Gypsum (G) is also employed as a stabilizer, but because of its scarcity and expensive cost, it is not suitable. To adjust the strength of expansive subgrade soil, the blending effect is preferred over the individual components. After the completion of the required laboratory analysis for gypsum 5–20% with a 5% interval and BSG ash 5–20% with a 5% interval individually, the subgrade was stabilized. To adjust the strength of expansive subgrade soil, the blending effect is preferred over the individual components. After the completion of the required laboratory analysis for gypsum 5–20% with a 5% interval and BSG ash 5–20% with a 5% interval individually, the subgrade was stabilized. The maximum effect for gypsum stabilization occurs at 20%, which was the high strength of subgrade. For this percent, the plastic index (PI), linear shrinkage (LS), optimum moisture content (OMC), maximum dry density (MDD), California bearing ratio (CBR), and CBR swell values were 24.93%, 11.43%, 30%, 1.475 g/cm3, 5.51%, and 3.87%, respectively. The best effect of BSG ash stabilized for subgrade strength occurs at 5%, with laboratory results of 36.3%, 15%, 29%, 1.472 g/cm3, 4.97%, and 4.08% for PI, LS, OMC, MDD, CBR, and CBR swell, respectively. The percent of gypsum 20% which have the maximum effect on the strength of subgrade was taken as the total amount for different (G: BSG ash) ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 in the blending stabilization. The optimum blending effect on the strength of stabilized subgrade occurs at a 1:2 ratio containing 6.7% gypsum and 13.3% BSG ash, with laboratory results of 29.84%, 14.29%, 33%, 1.32 g/cm3, 5.53%, and 3.65%, respectively, for PI, LS, OMC, MDD, CBR, and CBR swell. As a result, at a 1:2 ratio, 13.3% gypsum was substituted with BSG ash, which had a similar effect on subgrade strength due to the optimal percent of gypsum stabilized.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chen, F. H. (2012). Foundations on expansive soils (Vol. 12). London: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Alemayehu, T. M. L. (1999). Soil mechanics. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Habtamu, M. (2015). Critical assesment critical assesment on the stabilization of expansive soils by different techniques. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Matalucci, R. (1962). Laboratory experiments in the stabilization of clay with gypsum. Stillwater: Oklahoma State of University.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Shaoyum, P., Zhu, Z., & Huo, W. (2021). Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled gypsum stabilized soil in geotechnical engineering: A comprehensive review. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 174, 105780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105780

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Shaoyun, P., Zhiduo, Z., & Wangwen, H. (2021). Evaluation of engineering properties and environmental effect of recycled gypsum stabilized soil in geotechnical engineering: A comprehensive review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.10578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Divya, K. K., Janani, V., Ravichandran, P. T., Annadurai, R., & Gunturi, M. (2014). Effect of fly ash and phosphogypsum on properties of expansive soils. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology., 3(5), 592–596.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ashango, A. A., & Patra, N. R. (2014). Static and cyclic properties of clay subgrade stabilised with rice husk ash and portland slag cement. International Journal of Pavement Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2014.893323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Guyer, J. P. (2018). An introduction to soil stabilization for pavements. California: Guyer Partners.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Pu, S., Zhu, Z., Song, W., et al. (2020). Comparative study of compressibility and deformation properties of silt stabilized with lime, lime, and cement, and SEU-2 binder. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 45, 4125–4139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04406-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Al-Swaidani, A., Hammoud, I., & Meziab, A. (2016). Effect of adding natural pozzolana on geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized clayey soil. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 8(5), 714–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Chang-S, S., & Cindy, K. E. (2018). In-situ and laboratory investigation of modified drilling waste materials applied on base-course construction. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 11(3), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.11.00

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Khankhaje, E., Rafieizonooz, M., Salim, M. R., Mirza, J., & Hussin, M. W. (2017). Comparing the effects of oil palm kernel shell and cockle shell on properties of pervious concrete pavement. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 10(5), 383–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2017.05.00

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Pastor, J., Roberto, T., Miguel, C., Adrián, R., & Erick, G. (2019). Evaluation of the improvement effect of limestone powder waste in the stabilization of swelling clayey soil. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shao-Yun, Pu., et al. (2019). Deformation properties of silt solidified with a new SEU-2 binder. Construction and Building Materials, 220, 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Pu, S., Zhu, Z., Wang, H., Song, W., & Wei, R. (2019). Mechanical characteristics and water stability of silt solidified by incorporating lime, lime and cement mixture, and SEU-2 binder. Construction and Building Materials, 214, 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Soundara, B., Senthil, K. P., & kumar,. (2015). Industrial wastes as additive for stabilization of expansive soils: a review. Discovery, 41(186), 8–14.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Ahmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36, 327–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Alhassan, M., & Alhaji, M. (2017). Utilisation of rice husk ash for improvement of deficient soils in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 36(2), 386–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Barasa, P. K., et al. (2015). Stabilization of expansive clay using lime and sugarcane bagasse ash. Mathematical Theory and Modeling, 5(4), 124–134.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Brooks, R. M. (2009). Soil stabilization with fly ash and rice husk ash. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, 1(3), 209–217.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sikarwa, S. P., & Trivedi, K. M. (2017). Stabilization of clayey soil by using gypsum and calcium chloride. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 5, 477–481.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kalinski, M. E. (2011). Soil mechanics lab manual (2nd ed.). London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Murthy, V. N. S. (2007). Advanced Foundation Engineering (1st ed.). In T. G. Sitharam (Ed.), Bangalore, India: Satish Kumar join for CBS publishers and distributor.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Dr Arora, K. R. (2004). Soil mechanics and foundation engineering (7th ed.). New Delhi: Standared Publisher Distributors.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chen, D. H., Rew, Y., Tapase, A. B., et al. (2020). Experimental study of base stabilization with fibrillated fiber. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., 13, 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-6005-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Bhavsar, S. N., et al. (2014). Effect of burnt brick dust on engineering properties on expansive soil. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 4, 433–441. https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0304078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Onyelowe, K. C., Onyia, M. E., Van Bui, D., & Baykara, H. (2021). Pozzolanic reaction in clayey soils for stabilization purposes: a classical overview of sustainable transport geotechnics. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6632171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). (2004). Special procedures for testing soil and rock for civil engineering purpose. West Conshohocken: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Duc, B. V., & Kennedy, O. (2018). Adsorbed complex and laboratory geotechnics of quarry dust stabilised lateritic soils. Environmental Technology and Innovation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2018.04.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Mitchell, J. K., & Soga, K. (2005). Fundamentals of soil behavior (3rd ed.). London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Gupta, M., Abu-Ghannam, N., & Gallaghar, E. (2010). Barley for brewing: Characteristic changes during malting, brewing and applications of its by-products. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(3), 318–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Stojceska, V., et al. (2007). The recycling of brewer’s processing by-product into ready-to-eat snacks using extrusion technology. Journal of Cereal Science, 47(3), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2007.05.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kitaw, G., et al. (2018). Production, preservation and utilization patterns. Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 28(3), 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Robertson, J. A., et al. (2010). Profiling brewers’ spent grain for composition and microbial ecology at the site of production. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 43(6), 890–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2010.01.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ferraz, E., et al. (2013). Spent brewery grains for improvement of thermal insulation of ceramic bricks. Journal of materials in civil engineering, 25(11), 1638–1646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Degirmenci, N. (2007). The using of waste phosphogypsum and natural gypsum in adobe stabilization. Construction and Building Materials, 22(6), 1220–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Goyal, A., Prakash, V., & Kumar, V. (2016). Soil stabilization of clayey soil using jute fibre and gypsum. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5, 15513–15519.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Chijioke, C. I., & Donald, C. N. (2019). Emerging trends in expansive soil stabilisation: a review. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11, 423–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Sridharan, A., & Prakash, K. (2000). Classification procedures for expansive soils. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Geotechnical Engineering, 143, 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2000.143.4.235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA). (2002). Pavement Design Manual for flexible pavements. Pavement Design Manual

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Bahir Dar University's Highway Engineering Laboratory personnel for allowing and supporting us to complete the entire laboratory work.

Funding

There are no any funding sources.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia

    Awoke Mesfin, Worku Yifru, Nigus Getu, Destaw Kifile, Abebe Sewunet & Minilik Tamene

Authors
  1. Awoke Mesfin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Worku Yifru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nigus Getu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Destaw Kifile
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Abebe Sewunet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Minilik Tamene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Awoke Mesfin.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest

We declare that there are no any conflicts of interest among authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mesfin, A., Yifru, W., Getu, N. et al. Effects of Solid Beer Factory Waste as a Partial Replacement of Gypsum for Stabilization of Weak Subgrade Soil. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 16, 1522–1535 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-022-00211-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-022-00211-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation