Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Controlled CVD preparation and quality characterization of graphene based on biphenyl refined from low-rank coal

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Carbon Letters Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In recent years, the efficient and clean utilization of coal has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad. Despite the abundance of global coal resources, the deep utilization rate of coal is still insufficient. To address this challenge, it has been explored the development and preparation of coal-based high value-added carbonaceous materials. In the present study, a novel process was developed for the preparation of graphene using biphenyl sourced from low-rank coal. Using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, it was successfully implemented for us to grow high-quality graphene on copper foils. The prepared graphene products were observed and characterized using Raman spectroscopy, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results of this research provide a new perspective for the utilization of low-rank coal resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.

References

  1. China Innovation Alliance of the Graphene Industry (2013) Definitions and terminologies of graphene materials: Q/LM01CGS001— 2013. Standards Press of China, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tian T, Li Z-Q, Lee E-C (2014) Sequence-specific detection of DNA using functionalized graphene as an additive. Biosens Bioelectron 53:336–339

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Liu J-Q, Cui L, Losic D (2013) Graphene and graphene oxide as new nanocarriers for drug delivery applications. Acta Biomater 9:9243–9257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Pandey A-P, More M-P, Karande K-P, Chitalkar R-V, Patil P-O, Deshmukh P-K (2016) Optimization of desolvation process for fabrication of lactoferrin nanoparticles using quality by design approach. Artif Cell Nanomed B 45(6):1101–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Xing B-L, Zeng H-H, Huang G-X, Zhang C-X, Yuan R-F, Cao Y-J, Chen Z-F, Yu J-L (2019) Porous graphene prepared from anthracite as high performance anode materials for lithium-ion battery applications. J Alloys Compd 779:202–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Vijapur S-H, Wang D, Ingram D-C, Botte G-G (2017) An investigation of growth mechanism of coal derived graphene films. Mater Today Commun 11:147–155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Das T, Boruah P-K, Das M-R, Saikia B-K (2016) Formation of onion-like fullerene and chemically converted graphene-like nanosheets from low-quality coals: application in photocatalytic degradation of 2-nitrophenol. RSC Adv 6:35177–35190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhong M, Yan J-W, Wu H-X, Shen W-Z, Zhang J-L, Yu C-L, Li L, Hao Q-E, Gao F, Tian Y-F, Huang Y, Guo S-W (2020) Multilayer graphene spheres generated from anthracite and semi-coke as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Fuel Process Technol 198:106241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wertz D-L, Bissell M (1994) Relating the nonideal diffraction from the graphene layer stacking peak to the aliphatic carbon abundance in bituminous coals. Energy Fuels 8(3):613–617

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Marzec A (1986) Macromolecular and molecular model of coal structure. Fuel Process Technol 14:39–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Sun Y-Q, Alemany L-B, Billups W-E, Lu J-X, Yakobson B-I (2011) Structural dislocations in anthracite. J Phys Chem Lett 2:2521–2524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Wu D, Zhang H, Hu G, Zhang W-Y (2020) Fine characterization of the macromolecular structure of huainan coal using XRD, FTIR, 13C-CP/MAS NMR, SEM, and AFM techniques. Molecules 25:2661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Tung V-C, Allen M-J, Yang Y, Kaner R-B (2009) High-throughput solution processing of large-scale graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 4:25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wu D, Wang M-C, Zeng J-W, Yao J-Y, Jia C, Zhang H, Li J-T (2021) Preparation and characterization of graphene from refined benzene extracted from low-rank coal: based on the CVD technology. Molecules 26:7

    Google Scholar 

  15. Li X-S, Cai W-W, An J-H, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D-X, Piner R, Velamakanni A, Jung I, Tutuc E, Banerjee S-K, Colombo L, Ruoff R-S (2009) Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 324:1312–1314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Wang J-B, Ren Z, Hou Y, Yan X-L, Liu P-Z, Zhang H, Zhang H-X, Guo J-J (2020) A review of graphene synthesis at low temperatures by CVD methods. New Crbon Mater 35(3):193–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Emysev K-V, Bistwick A, Horn K, Jobst J, Kellogg G-L, Ley L, McChesney J-L, Ohta T, Reshanov S-A, Rohrl J, Rotenberg E, Schmid A-K, Waldmann D, Weber H-B, Seyller T (2008) Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide. Nat Mater 8:203–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Abidi I-H, Liu Y-Y, Pan J, Tyagi A, Zhuang M-H, Zhang Q-C, Cagang A-A, Weng L-T, Sheng P, Goddard W-A, Luo Z-T (2017) Regulating top-surface multilayer/single-crystal graphene growth by “gettering” carbon diffusion at backside of the copper foil. Funct Mater 27:1700121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang S-N, Hibino H, Suzuki S, Yamamoto H (2016) Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition growth of millimeter-scale single-crystalline graphene on the copper surface with a native oxide layer. Chem Mater 28:4893–4900

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Burton O-J, Massabuau F-C-P, Veigang-Radulescu V-P, Brennan B, Pollard A-J, Hofmann S (2020) Integrated wafer scale growth of single crystal metal films and high quality graphene. ACS Nano 14:13593–13601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hao Y-F, Bharathi M-S, Wang L, Liu Y-Y, Chen H, Nie S, Wang X-H, Chou H, Tan C, Fallahazad B, Ramanarayan H, Magnuson C-W, Tutuc E, Yakobson B-I, McCarty K-F, Zhang Y-W, Kim P, Hone J, Colombo L, Ruoff R-S (2013) The role of surface oxygen in the growth of large single-crystal graphene on copper. Science 342:720–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chen C-S, Hsieh C-K (2015) Effects of acetylene flow rate and processing temperature on graphene films grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition. Thin Solid Films 584:265–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhu M-M, Du Z-H, Yin Z-Y, Zhou W-W, Liu Z-D, Tsang S-H, Teo E-H-T (2016) Low-temperature in situ growth of graphene on metallic substrates and its application in anticorrosion. ACS Appl Mater Interface 8:502–510

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chaitoglou S, Bertran E (2017) Effect of temperature on graphene grown by chemical vapor depositio. J Mater Sci 52:8348–8356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Kairi M-I, Khavarian M, Bakar S-A, Vigolo B, Mohamed A-R (2018) Recent trends in graphene materials synthesized by CVD with various carbon precursors. J Mater Sci 53:851–879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. He Y-Y, Wang H, Jiang S-J, Mo Y-J (2019) A first-principles study of the effect of surface oxygen during the early stage of graphene growth on a Cu(111) surface. Comp Mater Sci 168:17–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Li Z-C, Wu P, Wang C-X, Fan X-D, Zhang W-H, Zhai X-F, Zeng C-G, Li Z-Y, Yang J-L, Hou J-G (2011) Low-temperature growth of graphene by chemical vapor deposition using solid and liquid carbon sources. ACS Nano 5:3385–3390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lee T, Mas’ud F-A, Kim M-J, (2017) Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy of defects, strains, and strain flfluctuations in domain structures of monolayer graphene. Sci Rep 7:16681

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Choi J-H, Li Z, Cui P, Fan X-D, Zhang H, Zeng C-G, Zhang Z-Y (2013) Drastic reduction in the growth temperature of graphene on copper via enhanced London dispersion force. Sci Rep 3:1925

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Zhao P, Kumamoto A, Kim S, Chen X, Hou B, Chiashi S, Einarsson E, Ikuhara Y, Maruyama S (2013) Self-limiting chemical vapor deposition growth of monolayer graphene from ethanol. J Phys Chem C 117:10755–10763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Robertson A-W, Warner J-H (2011) Hexagonal single crystal domains of few-layer graphene on copper foils. Nano Lett 11:1182–1189

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Xu X-Z, Zhang Z-H, Qiu L, Zhuang J-N, Zhang L, Wang H, Liao C-N, Song H-D, Qiao R-X, Gao P, Hu Z-H, Liao L, Liao Z-M, Yu D-P, Wang E-G, Ding F, Peng H-L, Liu K-H (2016) Ultrafast growth of single-crystal graphene assisted by a continuous oxygen supply. Nat Nanotechnol 11(11):930–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Benjamin H, Raskin J-P (2018) Role of Cu in-situ annealing in controlling the chemical vapor deposition of millimeter-size graphene domains. Carbon 129:270–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Pasternak I, Wesolowski M, Jozwik I (2016) Graphene growth on Ge(100)/Si(100) substrates by CVD method. Sci Rep-UK 6:21773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Mahmoud W-E, Al-Hazmi F-S, Al-Ghamdi A-A, Shokr F-S, Beall G-W, Bronstein L-M (2016) Structure and spectroscopic analysis of the graphene monolayer film directly grown. Micro and Nanostructures 96:174–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wu Y-P, Wang B, Ma Y-F, Huang Y, Li N, Zhang F, Chen Y-S (2010) Efficient and large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using an arc-discharge method and conductivity studies of the resulting films. Nano Res 3:661–669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Malard L-M, Pimenta M-A, Dresselhaus G (2009) Raman spectroscopy in graphene. Phys Rep 473:51–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was funded by the 2021 Open Fund for Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal and Coal Measures Gas Geology (MDZ202101), the Key Research and Development Projects in Anhui Province (2022n07020005), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11804324), the Chinese Academy of Science Pioneer Hundred Talents Program and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41502152).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Underground Detection, College of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China

    Dun Wu, Bo Li & Wenxu Liang

  2. Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Coal and Coal Measures Gas Geology, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China

    Dun Wu & Min Dong

  3. School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Dun Wu

  4. Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale (HFNL), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China

    Cheng Jia & Hui Zhang

  5. Shanxi Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China

    Min Dong

  6. State Key Lab of Coal Mine Safety Technology, China Coal Technology and Engineering Group, Shenyang Research Institute, Fushun, 113122, China

    Wenxu Liang

  7. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China

    Xia Gao

Authors
  1. Dun Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bo Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Cheng Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Min Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Wenxu Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xia Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hui Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hui Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, D., Li, B., Jia, C. et al. Controlled CVD preparation and quality characterization of graphene based on biphenyl refined from low-rank coal. Carbon Lett. 34, 997–1005 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00641-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42823-023-00641-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation