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New methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation of multidrug-resistant Fonsecaea nubica infected chromoblastomycosis in vitro

  • Clinical Microbiology - Research Paper
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Abstract

Chromoblastomycosis is a fungal disease presented with local warty papule, plaque, and verrucous nodules. In addition, the incidence and drug resistance of chromoblastomycosis are increasing each year worldwide. Photodynamic therapy is a promising method to treat mycoses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of new methylene blue (NMB)-induced PDT on multidrug-resistant chromoblastomycosis in vitro. We isolated one wild-type strain pathogen from one clinical patient diagnosed with chromoblastomycosis for over 27 years. The pathogen was identified by histopathology, the morphology of fungal culture, and genetic testing. Drug susceptibility testing was performed on the isolate. It was cultured with logarithmic growth phase spore in vitro and incubated with different concentrations of NMB for 30 min, and received illumination by red light-emitted diode with different light doses. After photodynamic treatment, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were conducted. The pathogen was Fonsecaea nubica, and it was resistant to itraconazole, terbinafine, amphotericin B, voriconazole andcaspofungin. At the same NMB concentration, the sterilization efficiency of NMB-photodynamic therapy (PDT) on F. nubica increased with increasing light intensity; F. nubica was completely killed at 25 µmol/L NMB with a light dose of 40 J/cm2 or 50 µmol/L NMB and light doses of ≥ 30 J/cm2. SEM and TEM observed ultrastructural changes after PDT. NMB-PDT inactivates the survival of multidrug-resistant F. nubica in vitro; it therefore has the potential to become an alternative or adjuvant treatment for refractory chromoblastomycosis.

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Data availability

The datasets generated in this study can be found in online repositories. The accession number(s) and the names of the repositories can be found below: MW269556, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MW269556.

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Funding

This work received the research grant from National Natural Science Foundation of China (81571902 and 82172203).

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  1. Mengxue Zheng and Xiaoqing Zhou contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China

    Mengxue Zheng, Xiaoqing Zhou, Jiayin Pang, Zengjun Yang, Yongzhen Zou, Lian Zhang, Yan Xu & Rui Yin

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Contributions

Rui Yin conceived the ideas and guided the whole research work. Mengxue Zheng and Xiaoqing Zhou did the experiment in vitro and analyzed the data. Jiaying Pang and Zengjun Yang assisted the writing and analyzed the data. Yongzhen Zou, Lian Zhang and Yan Xu collected the clinical data and cultured fungi. All authors declared that they were responsible for the content of manuscript.

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Correspondence to Rui Yin.

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Zheng, M., Zhou, X., Pang, J. et al. New methylene blue-mediated photodynamic inactivation of multidrug-resistant Fonsecaea nubica infected chromoblastomycosis in vitro. Braz J Microbiol 54, 873–883 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-00974-8

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