Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Field assessment of the effects of Citrus aurantifolia Christm and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh extracts for the management of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius on Solanum melongena L. in north west Nigeria

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) is a destructive sap-sucking pest of agricultural importance ravaging various vegetables causing significant damage and crop yield penalty. Its management is largely dependent on the synthetic pesticides despite their negative effects on human health and environment. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of Citrus aurantifolia Christm and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh extracts against the whitefly on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under field conditions during 2022 and 2023 cropping seasons. The results revealed that citrus fermented extract (200 mL L− 1) was more effective with an average of 13.4 whiteflies/leaf, followed by eucalyptus oil (30 mL L− 1) with 17.2 whiteflies/leaf, 15 days after the 1st spray in 2022 experiment. Citrus essential oil (10 mL L− 1) was least effective during the same period with 29.4 whiteflies/leaf as compared to the control with 36.8 whiteflies/leaf. In 2023 experiment, eucalyptus oil (30 mL L− 1) and citrus fermented extract (200 mL L− 1) effectively reduced the whitefly number (13.1 and 16.1 whiteflies/leaf) while their aqueous extracts (100 mL L− 1) were least effective (27.8 and 31.3 whiteflies/leaf). In both the years (2022 and 2023), eucalyptus oil (30 mL L− 1) remained most effective with an average of 1.8 and 1.5 whiteflies/leaf (93.23 and 95.50% reduction in whitefly count), 45 days after the 3rd spray. The phytochemicals analyzed in this research demonstrated high efficacy and are therefore recommended as eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals in the management of whiteflies for sustainable vegetable cultivation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abubakar M, Keta JN, Anas H, Mohammed MT, Abdullah HA (2020) Fungi associated with post-harvest decay of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in Aliero local government area, Kebbi State, Nigeria. J Innov Res Life Sci 1(1):45–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Abubakar M, Koul B, Chandrashekar K, Raut A, Yadav D (2022) Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) management (WFM) strategies for sustainable agriculture: a review. Agriculture 12(9):1317

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Manhel AJ, Niamah AK (2015) Effect of aqueous and alcoholic plant extracts on inhibition of some types of microbes and causing spoilage of food. J Nutr Food Sci S5:006

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali SS, Jatoi JA, Ahmed SS, Rizwana H, KhosoAG BFR, Mengal MI, Bugti A, Shahwani SA, Rind MA (2017) Effect of neem products and synthetic insecticides against sucking insect pests of cauliflower under field conditions. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 13:221–225

  • Amin MR, Miah MS, Rahman H, Nancy NP, Bhuiyan MK (2018) Functional and group abundance of insects on eggplant. Bangladesh J Agric Res 43(4):647–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjorin TS, Jolaoso MA, Golu MT (2013) A survey of incidence and severity of pests and diseases of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in Abuja, Nigeria. Am J Res Commun 1(11):333–349

    Google Scholar 

  • Ateyyat MA, Al-Mazra’awi M, Abu-Rjai T, Shatnawi MA (2009) Aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants are as toxic as Imidacloprid to the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. J Insect Sci 9(1):15

  • Ayub M, Hussain M, Sher A, Rizvi SA, Hussain S, Qasim M, Din M, Mastoi MI (2021) Insecticidal potential of some fermented native plant extracts for the management of white grub (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) infestation on potato tubers in skardu baltistan. Pak J Agric Res 34(2):259

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloc HA, Marissa P, Bulong MP (2015) Efficacy of fermented botanical plant extracts in the management of white flies and 28-spotted beetles in tomato. Int J Sci Res 4(7):2566–2569

    Google Scholar 

  • Barati R, Golmohammadi G, Ghajarie H, Zarabi M, Mansouri R (2013) Efficiency of some herbal pesticides on reproductive parameters of silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 47:212–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Benelli G, Pavela R, Maggi F, Wandjou JG, Koné-Bamba D, Sagratini G, Vittori S, Caprioli G (2019) Insecticidal activity of the essential oil and polar extracts from Ocimum gratissimum grown in Ivory Coast: efficacy on insect pests and vectors and impact on non-target species. Indusl Crops Prod 132:377–385

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissdorf JK (2008) in: how to grow crops without endosulfan – field guide to non-chemical pest management, (Ed: Carina Webber), pesticide action network (PAN), Hamburg, Germany: pp 71

  • Chen JC, Wang ZH, Cao LJ, Gong YJ, Hoffmann AA, Wei SJ (2018) Toxicity of seven insecticides to different developmental stages of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in multiple field populations of China. Ecotoxicology 27(6):742–751

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Carvalho SS, Ribeiro LD, Forim MR, da Silva MF, Bicalho KU, Fernandes JB, Vendramim JD (2021) Avocado kernels, an industrial residue: a source of compounds with insecticidal activity against silverleaf whitefly. Environ Sci Poll Res 28:2260–2268

  • Degri MM, Maina YT, Mailafiya DM (2012) Evaluation of three aqueous plant extracts and lamdacot in controlling eggplant fruit borer (Daraba laisalis Wlk.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in northeastern Nigeria. Arch Phytopathol Plant Prot 45:2519–2524

    Google Scholar 

  • Estefanía Rodríguez M, Mar T, Dirk J (2019) Whitefly control strategies against tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in greenhouse zucchini. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(15):2673

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzat AS, El-Awady AA, Tawfik AA (2015) Using some plant extracts to control of mechanical injured, pest management, increasing productivity and storability of potato (Solanum tuberosum L). J Plant Prod 7(8):801–811. https://doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2016.46172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fabrick JA, Yool AJ, Spurgeon DW (2020) Insecticidal activity of marigold Tagetes patula plants and foliar extracts against the hemipteran pests, Lygus hesperus and Bemisia tabaci. PLoS ONE 15(5):e0233511. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233511

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fanela TL, Baldin EL, Pannuti LE, Cruz PL, Crotti AE, Takeara R, Kato MJ (2016) Lethal and inhibitory activities of plant-derived essential oils against Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B in tomato. Neotrop Entomol 45(2):201–210

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farouk S, Almutairi AB, Alharbi YO, Al-Bassam WI (2021) Acaricidal efficacy of jasmine and lavender essential oil or mustard fixed oil against two-spotted spider mite and their impact on growth and yield of eggplants. Biol 10:410

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fite T, Tefera T, Negeri M, Damte T (2020) Effect of Azadirachta indica and Milletia ferruginea extracts against Helicoverpa armigera (hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infestation management in chickpea. Cogent Food Agric 6:1712145

    Google Scholar 

  • Gahukar RT (1996) Formulation of neem-based products/pesticides. Pestology 20(9):44–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangwar RK, Charu G (2018) Lifecycle, distribution, nature of damage and economic importance of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Acta Sci Agric 2:36–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Guarino S, Mercati F, Del Fatta S, Motisi A, Abbate L (2022) Rootstocks with different tolerance grade to Citrus Tristeza Virus induce dissimilar volatile profile in Citrus sinensis and avoidance response in the vector Aphis gossypii Glover. Plants 11(24):3426

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gürbüz N, Uluişik S, Frary A, Frary A, Doğanlar S (2018) Health benefits and bioactive compounds of eggplant. Food chem 268:602–610

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammad EA, Nemer NM, Hawi ZK, Hanna LT (2000) Responses of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, to the chinaberry tree (Melia azedarach L.) and its extracts. Ann Appl Biol 137(2):79–88

  • Hanson PM, Yang RY, Tsou SCS, Ledesma D, Engle LT, Lee C (2006) Diversity in eggplant superoxide scavenging activity, total phenolics, and ascorbic acid. J Food Compos Analy 19(7):594–600

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollingsworth RG (2005) Limonene, a citrus extract, for control of mealybugs and scale insects. J Econ Entomol 98:772–779

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isman MB (2008) Botanical insecticides: for richer, for poorer. Pest Manag Sci 64:8–11

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isman MB (2017) Bridging the gap: moving botanical insecticides from the laboratory to the farm. Ind Crops Prod 110:10–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Izakmehri K, Saber M, Mehrvar A, Hassanpouraghdam MB, Vojoudi S (2013) Lethal and sublethal effects of essential oils from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Heracleum persicum against the adults of Callosobruchus maculatus. J Insect Sci 13(1):152

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jaiswal AK (2020) Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of fruits and vegetables. Academic Press. Aug 17

  • Khadem AG, Chin NL, Mokhtar AS, Hong (2022) Potential use of fermented plant extracts as biological control agents for citrus mealy bugs, Planococcus citri. Ann Agri-Bio Res 27(1):79–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar R, Kranthi S, Nagrare VS, Monga D, Kranthi KR, Rao N, Singh A (2019) Insecticidal activity of botanical oils and other neem-based derivatives against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton. Int J Trop Insect Sci 39(3):203–210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-019-00027-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar J, Ramlal A, Mallick D, Mishra V (2021) An overview of some biopesticides and their importance in plant protection for commercial acceptance. Plants 10(6):1185

  • Langsi JD, Nukenine EN, Oumarou KM, Moktar H, Fokunang CN, Mbata GN (2020) Evaluation of the insecticidal activities of α-Pinene and 3-Carene on Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Insects 11:540

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Li H, Zhou Q, Zhang F, Desneux N, Wang S, Shi L (2022) Essential oils from two aromatic plants repel the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J Pest Sci 1:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu S, Chen M, Li J, Shi Y, Gu Q, Yan F (2019) Changes in Bemisia tabaci feeding behaviors caused directly and indirectly by cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus. Virol J 16:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucia A, Audino PG, Seccacini E, Licastro S, Zerba E, Masuh H (2007) Larvicidal effect of Eucalyptus grandis essential oil and turpentine and their major components on Aedes aegypti larvae J Am Mosq Control Asso 23: 299–303

  • Lynn OM, Song WG, Shim JK, Kim JE, Lee KY (2010) Effects of azadirachtin and neem-based formulations for the control of sweetpotato whitefly and root-knot nematode. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem 53(5):598–604

  • Magaji MD, Mohammed IU, Jega IY, Musa A (2023) Effect of Wolbachia as biocontrol agent on fecundity and survival of cassava whitefly in northwest Nigeria. Archiv Agric Environ Sci 8(2):125–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Magioli C, Mansur E (2005) Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) tissue culture, genetic transformation and use as an alternative model plant. Acta Bot Bras 19(1):139–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Majeed MZ, Nawaz MI, Khan RR, Farooq U, Ma CS (2018) Insecticidal effects of acetone, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica (A. Juss), Citrus aurantium (L.), Citrus sinensis (L.) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehnh.) Against mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Trop Subtrop Agroecosystem 21(3):421–430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mkenda P, Mwanauta R, Stevenson PC, Ndakidemi P, Mtei K, Belmain SR (2015) Extracts from field margin weeds provide economically viable and environmentally benign pest control compared to synthetic pesticides. PLoS ONE 10(11):e0143530

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammadali M, Alyousuf A, Baqir HA, Kadhim AA (2019) Evaluation of the efficacy of different neocontinoid insecticides against cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on eggplant under greenhouse condition. Earth Environ Sci 388(1):012012

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouna M, Khadra B, Assia B, Salim L (2021) Insecticidal effect of two aqueous extracts from the leaves of Salvia officinalis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis against Aphis fabae. J Entomol Res 45(2):268–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naeem YM, Ugur S (2019) Nutritional content and health benefits of eggplant. Turk J Agric Food Sci and Technol 7:31–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Nahar N, Islam MR, Uddin MM, de Jong P, Struik PC, Stomph TJ (2019) Disease management in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) nurseries also reduces wilt and fruit rot in subsequent plantings: a participatory testing in Bangladesh. Crop Prot 120:113–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndagana MK (2020) Effect of plant spacing on growth and yield components of african eggplants (Solanum melongena L.) in the Northern guinea savanna of Nigeria. Nigeria Agric J 51(2):233–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishat S, Hamim I, Khalil MI, Ali MA, Hossain MA, Meah MB, Islam MR (2015) Genetic diversity of the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum using a RAPD marker. CR Biol 338(11):757–767

    Google Scholar 

  • Nzanza B, Mashela PW (2012) Control of whiteflies and aphids in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by fermented plant extracts of neem leaf and wild garlic. Afr J Biotechnol 11:16077–16082

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogunmefun OT, Obi PU, Akpor OB (2023) Bioinsecticidal Efficacy of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Dehn) and Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Leaf extracts on Callosobruchus maculatus (cowpea weevil). Sci Afr 11:e01663

    Google Scholar 

  • Okolo ET, Iledun OC, Oparaeke AM, Dike MC, Amatobi CI (20192003) Insecticidal effect of neem (Azadirachta Indica) extracts obtained from leaves and seeds on pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Sumerianz J Agric VetSam J Agric 2(4):20–28

  • Peres MC, de Souza Costa GC, dos Reis LE, da Silva LD, Peixoto MF, Alves CCF et al (2020) In natural and nanoencapsulated essential oils from Xylopia aromatica reduce oviposition of Bemisia tabaci in Phaseolus vulgaris. J Pest Sci 93:807–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01186-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perring TM, Stansly PA, Liu TX, Smith HA, Andreason SA (2018) Whiteflies: Biology, ecology, and management. In sustainable management of arthropod pests of tomato; academic press: Cambridge, MA, USA; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands pp 73–110

  • Pumnuan J, Khurnpoon L, Insung A (2017) Insecticidal activity of essential oil formulas and their physiological effects on eggplant. J Appl Hort 19(2):152–158

  • Rehmana H, Nadeema M, Ayyazb M, Beguma HA (2015) Comparative efficacy of neem oil and lambda cyhalothrin against whitefly (Bemesia tabaci) and Jassid (Amrasca devastans dist.) In okra field. Russ Agric Sci 41:2–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodan MA, Hassandokht MR, Sadeghzadeh-Ahari D, Mousavi A (2020) Mitigation of drought stress in eggplant by date straw and plastic mulches. J Saudi Soci Agric Sci 19(7):492–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Sani I, Abdulhamid A, Bello F (2014) Eucalyptus camaldulensis: phytochemical composition of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, stem-bark, root, fruits and seeds. J Sci Innov Res 3(5):523–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Sani I, Ismail SI, Abdullah S, Jalinas J, Jamian S, Saad N (2020) A review of the biology and control of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with special reference to biological control using entomopathogenic fungi. Insects 11(9):619

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma M, Kaushik P (2021) Biochemical composition of eggplant fruits. Rev Appl Sci 11(15):7078

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Showler AT, Harlien JL, Perez de Léon AA (2019) Effects of laboratory grade limonene and a commercial limonene-based insecticide on Haematobia irritans irritans (Muscidae: Diptera): deterrence, mortality, and reproduction. J Med Entomol 56:1064–1070

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Feng Y, Wang Y, Li J, Zou K, Liu H, Hu Y, Xue Y, Yang L, Du SS et al (2020) α-pinene, caryophyllene and β-myrcene from Peucedanum terebinthaceum essential oil: Insecticidal and repellent effects on three stored-product insects. Rec Nat Prod 14:177–189

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweetha G (2021) Is lemon peel responsible for controlling whitefly? A review article. Int j sci dev res 6(5):1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Taher D, Solberg S, Prohens J, Chou Y, Rakha M, Wu T (2017) World vegetable center eggplant collection: origin, composition, seed dissemination and utilization in breeding. Front Plant Sci 8:1484

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tembo Y, Mkindi AG, Mkenda PA, Mpumi N, Mwanauta R, Stevenson PC, Ndakidemi PA, Belmain SR (2018) Pesticidal plant extracts improve yield and reduce insect pests on legume crops without harming beneficial arthropods. Front Plant Sci 9:1425

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ugwu JA, Kareem KT, Aluko JO (2021) Insecticidal activities of aqueous extracts of five nigerian aromatic spices against eggplant defoliators and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee: Lepidoptera: Crambidae. Tanzan J Sci 47(3):1322–1329

    Google Scholar 

  • Üstüner T, Kordali Ş, Bozhüyük AU, Kesdek M (2018) Investigation of pesticidal activities of essential oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Rec Nat Prod 6:557–568

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagan TA, Cai W, Hua H (2018) Repellency, toxicity, and anti-oviposition of essential oil of Gardenia jasminoides and its four major chemical components against whiteflies and mites. Sci Rep 8(1):1–2

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The financial assistance provided by the tertiary education trust fund (TETFUND), Nigeria for the conduct of this study is highly acknowledged. We are grateful to Lovely Professional University (LPU), Punjab, India and Kebbi state University of Science and technology, Aliero (KSUSTA) for the infrastructural support. We also appreciate the efforts of Dr. Adamu Muhammad Mr. Mustapha Sale Na’Allah and Mr. Nafiu Abubakar Gwandu, Crop Science Department, KSUSTA for the technical assistance.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, PMB-1144, Nigeria

    Mustapha Abubakar

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India

    Mustapha Abubakar & Bhupendra Koul

Authors
  1. Mustapha Abubakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bhupendra Koul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization was done by BK. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by MA. The first draft of the manuscript was written by MA and revised by BK. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bhupendra Koul.

Ethics declarations

competing interests

The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abubakar, M., Koul, B. Field assessment of the effects of Citrus aurantifolia Christm and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh extracts for the management of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius on Solanum melongena L. in north west Nigeria. Int J Trop Insect Sci 43, 2105–2119 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01110-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-023-01110-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation