Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is a potential insect species which can convert biodegradable materials and some indigestible organic waste into valuable biomass. Because of having good quality of fat and protein, its production and use in animal feed are being extended day by day. To fulfil the future demand researchers are trying to find out the successful mass rearing techniques of H. illucens in laboratory or indoor condition. However, the most critical part of H. illucens mass production is obtaining successful mating. This insect is very sensitive to light. It prefers direct sunlight for its successful mating however, artificial light has substantial effects on its mating behaviors. It was reported that light quality, intensity, duration have significant influences on the H. illucens successful mating and fertilized egg production. This review brings in forth all the information about artificial light effects on H. illucens adults for their successful mating towards the mass production in indoor condition.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acuña-castroviejo D, Acuna-castroviejo D, Escames G, Rodriguez MI, Lopez LC (2007) Melatonin role in the mitochondrial function. Front Biosci 12:947–963
Barragan-Fonseca KB, Dicke M, van Loon JJ (2017) Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed–a review. J Insects as Food Feed 3:105–120. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0055
Beskin KV, Holcomb CD, Cammack JA, Crippen TL, Knap AH, Sweet ST, Tomberlin JK (2018) Larval digestion of different manure types by the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) impacts associated volatile emissions. Waste Manag 74:213–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.01.019
Borshagovski AM, Baudry G, Hopkins J, Kaitala A (2019) Pale by comparison: competitive interactions between signaling female glow-worms. Behav Ecol 30:20–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/ary161
Briscoe AD, Chittka L (2001) The evolution of color vision in insects. Ann Rev Entomol 46:471–510. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.471
Caligiani A, Marseglia A, Leni G, Baldassarre S, Maistrello L, Dossena A, Sforza S (2018) Composition of black soldier fly prepupae and systematic approaches for extraction and fractionation of proteins, lipids and chitin. Food Res Int 105:812–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.012
Chen Q, Yang X, You D, Luo J, Hu X, Xu Z, Xiao W (2021) Dim Red Light During Scotophase Enhances Mating of a Moth Through Increased Male Antennal Sensitivity Against the Female Sex Pheromone. Front Genet 12:611476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.611476
Chia SY, Tanga CM, Khamis FM, Mohamed SA, Salifu D, Sevgan S, Fiaboe KK, Niassy S, van Loon JJ, Dicke M (2018) Threshold temperatures and thermal requirements of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens: Implications for mass production. PLoS ONE 13:e0206097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206097
Dabbou S, Gai F, Biasato I, Capucchio MT, Biasibetti E, Dezzutto D, Meneguz M, Plachà I, Gasco L, Schiavone A (2018) Black soldier fly defatted meal as a dietary protein source for broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, blood traits, gut morphology and histological features. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0266-9
Dzepe D, Nana P, Kuietche HM, Kimpara JM, Magatsing O, Tchuinkam T, Djouaka R (2021) Feeding strategies for small-scale rearing black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) as organic waste recycler. SN Appl Sci 3:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04039-5
Elgert C, Hopkins J, Kaitala A, Candolin U (2020) Reproduction under light pollution: maladaptive response to spatial variation in artificial light in a glow-worm. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 287(1931), p.20200806. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0806
Emery P, So WV, Kaneko M, Hall JC, Rosbash M (1998) CRY, a Drosophila clock and light-regulated cryptochrome, is a major contributor to circadian rhythm resetting and photosensitivity. Cell 95(5):669–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81637-2
Ewald N, Vidakovic A, Langeland M, Kiessling A, Sampels S, Lalander C (2020) Fatty acid composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens)–Possibilities and limitations for modification through diet. Waste Manag 102:40–47
Gao Z, Wang W, Lu X, Zhu F, Liu W, Wang X, Lei C (2019) Bioconversion performance and life table of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) on fermented maize straw. J Clean Prod 230:974–980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.074
Giunti G, Campolo O, Laudani F, Palmeri V (2018) Male courtship behaviour and potential for female mate choice in the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Entomol Generalis 38:29–46
Gladun VV (2019) The first record of Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from Russia. Nat Conserv Res Заповедная наука 4:111–113
Gligorescu A, Toft S, Hauggaard-Nielsen H, Axelsen JA, Nielsen SA (2018) Development, metabolism and nutrient composition of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens; Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in relation to temperature and diet. J Insects as Food Feed 4:123–133. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2017.0080
Henneken J, Jones TM (2017) Pheromones-based sexual selection in a rapidly changing world. Curr Opin Insect Sci 24:84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.09.010
Heussler CD, Walter A, Oberkofler H, Insam H, Arthofer W, Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM (2018) Influence of three artificial light sources on oviposition and half-life of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae): Improving small-scale indoor rearing. PLoS ONE 13:e0197896. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197896
Hoc B, Noël G, Carpentier J, Francis F, Caparros Megido R (2019) Optimization of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) artificial reproduction. PLoS ONE 14:e0216160. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216160
Holmes L, Vanlaerhoven S, Tomberlin J (2012) Relative humidity effects on the life history of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Environ Entomol 41:971–978. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN12054
Hopkins J (2018) The costs and consequences of female sexual signals. Doctoral Dissertation, Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, University of Oulu
James MT (1935) The genus Hermetia in the United States (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Bull Brooklyn Entomol Soc Soc 30:165–170
Julita U, Fitri L, Putra R, Permana A (2020) Mating Success and Re-productive Behavior of Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens L.(Diptera, Stra-tiomyidae) in Tropics. J Entomol 17:117–127
Karu TI (2008) Mitochondrial signaling in mammalian cells activated by red and near-IR radiation. Photochem Photobiol 84:1091–1099. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00394.x
Kelber A, Vorobyev M, Osorio D (2003) Animal colour vision–behavioural tests and physiological concepts. Biol Rev 78:81–118. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793102005985
Kim J-G, Choi YC, Choi JY, Kim WT, Jeong GS, Park KH, Hwang SJ (2008) Ecology of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratmyidae) in Korea. Korean J Appl Entomol 47:337–343. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2008.47.4.337
Kohatsu S, Yamamoto D (2015) Visually induced initiation of Drosophila innate courtship-like following pursuit is mediated by central excitatory state. Nat Commun 6:6457. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7457
Liu Z, Najar-Rodriguez AJ, Minor MA, Hedderley DI, Morel PC (2020) Mating success of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), under four artificial light sources. J Photochem Photobiol B 205:111815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111815
Lunova M, Smolková B, Uzhytchak M, Janoušková K, Jirsa M, Egorova D et al (2019) Light-induced modulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity: possibilities and limitations. Cell Mol Life Sci 77:2815–2838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-019-03321-z
Macavei LI, Benassi G, Stoian V, Maistrello L (2020) Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) egg laying under different nutrition and light conditions. PLoS ONE 15:e0232144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232144
Martínez-Sánchez A, Magana C, Salona M, Rojo S (2011) First record of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) on human corpses in Iberian Peninsula. Forensic Sci Int 206:e76–e78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.10.021
Nakamura S, Ichiki RT, Shimoda M, Morioka S (2016) Small-scale rearing of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory: low-cost and year-round rearing. J Appl Entomol Zool 51:161–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13355-015-0376-1
Navara KJ, Nelson RJ (2007) The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences. J Pineal Res 43:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00473.x
Newton R (2017) Process manual for the establishment of a Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) production system. Haettu, 20, 2018
Obara Y, Koshitaka H, Arikawa K (2008) Better mate in the shade: enhancement of male mating behaviour in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, in a UV-rich environment. J Exp Biol 211:3698–3702. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.021980
Oonincx D, Volk N, Diehl J, Van Loon J, Belušič G (2016) Photoreceptor spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) informing the design of LED-based illumination to enhance indoor reproduction. J Insect Physiol 95:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.10.006
Ortiz JC, Ruiz AT, Morales-Ramos J, Thomas M, Rojas M, Tomberlin J, Yi L, Han R, Giroud L, Jullien R (2016) Insect mass production technologies, Insects as sustainable food ingredients. Elsevier. pp. 153–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802856-8.00006-5
Pastor B, Velasquez Y, Gobbi P, Rojo S (2015) Conversion of organic wastes into fly larval biomass: bottlenecks and challenges. J Insects as Food Feed 1:179–193. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2014.0024
Permana AD, Putra JENRE (2018) Growth of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae fed on spent coffee ground, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, pp. 012070
Philogene JRB, McNeil JN (1984) The influence of light on the non-diapause related aspects of development and reproduction in insects. Photochem Photobiol 40:753–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-1097.1984.tb04648.x
Sakai T, Isono K, Tomaru M, Fukatami A, Oguma Y (2002) Light wavelength dependency of mating activity in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Genes Genet Syst 77:187–195. https://doi.org/10.1266/ggs.77.187
Samayoa AC, Hwang SY (2018) Degradation capacity and diapause effects on oviposition of Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). J Econ Entomol 111:1682–1690. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy078
Shumo M, Khamis FM, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KK, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Van Huis A, Borgemeister C (2019) Influence of temperature on selected life-history traits of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) reared on two common urban organic waste streams in Kenya. Animals 9:79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9030079
Smith PH (1979) Genetic manipulation of the circadian clock’s timing of sexual behaviour in the Queensland fruit flies, Dacus tryoni and Dacus neohumeralis. Physiol Entomol 4:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3032.1979.tb00179.x
Spranghers T, Michiels J, Vrancx J, Ovyn A, Eeckhout M, De Clercq P, De Smet S (2018) Gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) prepupae for weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 235:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.08.012
Stavenga D, Kinoshita M, Yang EC, Arikawa K (2001) Retinal regionalization and heterogeneity of butterfly eyes. Nat Sci 88:477–481. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001140100268
Surendra K, Olivier R, Tomberlin JK, Jha R, Khanal SK (2016) Bioconversion of organic wastes into biodiesel and animal feed via insect farming. Renewable Energy 98:197–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.022
Tomberlin JK, Sheppard DC (2002) Factors influencing mating and oviposition of black soldier flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a colony. J Entomol Scienc 37:345–352. https://doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-37.4.345
Tomberlin JK, Adler PH, Myers HM (2009) Development of the black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in relation to temperature. Environ Entomol 38:930–934. https://doi.org/10.1603/022.038.0347
Tsagkarakis AE, Arapostathi E, Strouvalis G (2015) First record of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, in Greece. Entomol Hellenica 24:27–30. https://doi.org/10.12681/eh.10893
van Geffen KG, van Eck E, de Boer RA, van Grunsven RHA, Salis L et al (2015) Artificial light at night inhibits mating in a geometrid moth. Insect Conserv Divers 8:282–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.12116
Xin A, Molly T, Sunmi S, Marianne F, Kathryn AR (2004) The cryptochrome (cry) Gene and a Mating Isolation Mechanism in Tephritid Fruit Flies. Genetics 168(4):2025–2036. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.028399
Zer-Krispil S, Zak H, Shao L, Ben-Shaanan, Tordjma L, Bentzur A et al (2018) Ejaculation induced by the activation of Crz neurons is rewarding to drosophila males. Curr Biol 28:1445–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.039
Zhang J, Huang L, He J, Tomberlin JK, Li J, Lei C, Sun M, Liu Z, Yu Z (2010) An artificial light source influences mating and oviposition of black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens. J Insect Sci 10. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.010.20201
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by Sylhet Agricultural University Research System (SAURES) and the Department of Entomology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
This research was conducted in collaboration with all authors. All authors carefully reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Awal, M.R., Rahman, M.M., Choudhury, M.A.R. et al. Influences of artificial light on mating of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens)—a review. Int J Trop Insect Sci 42, 2779–2783 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00786-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-022-00786-7