Abstract
Tomato leaf miner (TLM) is one of destructive insect pest for tomato plants in Egypt, which is considered as one of the world leading tomato producer. Estimating thermal requirements of TLM stages are essential to construct biological models for forecasting development, survivor and spatial distribution of the pest population, which are urgent when making a decision to manage the pest. Therefore current study aimed initially to estimate the thermal limits and requirements of TLM development. The obtained thermal limits and requirements were employed with interpolated temperature data from world climate database for mapping and forecasting spatial and temporal variations of those biological treats in Egyptian Agro-ecosystems under current and expected climatic changes scenarios of 2050. Upper and lower limit temperatures for TLM development are 7.6 and 35.4 °C, respectively, that it need 450.9 thermal units to complete life cycle. Medium temperature has negative significant effect on longevities of adults. Total immature stages period ranged between 21–34.9 days under current warm climatic conditions and it is expected to recede to 20.12—28.34 days in 2050. Despite the current thermal conditions of cold seasons can prolong it to 91.83 days in some provinces, expected thermal climatic conditions of 2050 will depress it to 57 days. It is expected that TLM existence will be restricted in north delta and western north cost governorates in warm seasons of 2050. It is also expected that adults’ longevity will observably decrease 2–3 days in 2050.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Abdel Kareim A, Moustafa S, El-Tanahy E (2016) Biological characteristics and accumulated thermal heat units of tomato borer, Tuta Absoluta (Meyrick). J Plant Protect Pathol 7(6):405–410. https://doi.org/10.21608/jppp.2016.50622
Abolmaaty SM, Hassanein MK, Khalil AA, Abou-Hadid AF (2010) Impact of climatic changes in Egypt on degree day’s units and generation number for tomato leaf miner moth Tuta absoluta, (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae). Nature Sci 8(11):122–129. https://doi.org/10.7537/marsnsj081110.18
Abou-Shaara H (2016) Expectations about the potential impacts of climate change on honey bee colonies in Egypt. J Apic 31(2):157–164. https://doi.org/10.17519/apiculture.2016.06.31.2.157
Aliniazee MT (1976) Thermal unit requirements for determining adult emergence of the western cherry fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Environ Entomol 5(3):397–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/5.3.397
Andrew NR, Hill SJ (2017) Effect of climate change on insect pest management. In: Coll M, Wajnberg E (ed.), Environmental pest management: challenges for agronomists, ecologists, economists and policymakers. Oxford: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119255574.ch9
Barrientos RZ, Apablaza HJ, Norero SA, Estay PP (1998) Temperatura base y constante térmica de desarrollo de la polilladel tomate, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Cienc Investig Agrar 25:133–137. https://doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v25i3.659
Benkova I, Volf P (2007) Effect of temperature on metabolism of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Medical Entomol 44:150–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/41.5.150
Bentancourt CM, Scatoni IB, Rodríguez JJ (1996) Influencia de la temperatura sobre la reproducción y el desarrollo de Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Rev Bras Biol 56:661–670
Bernays EA, Chapman RF (1994) Host plant selection by phytophagous insects. New York, Chapman and Hall. https://doi.org/10.1007/b102508
Briere JF, Pracros P, Le Roux AY, Pierre JS (1999) A novel rate model of temperature-dependent development for arthropods. Environ Entomol 28:22–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.1.22
Brown JH (1984) On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Am Nat 124(2):255–279. https://doi.org/10.1086/284267
Campbell A, Frazer BD, Gilbert N, Gutierrez AP, Mackauer M (1974) Temperature requirements of some aphids and their parasites. J Appl Ecol 11:431–438. https://doi.org/10.2307/2402197
Cocco A, Deliperi S, Lentini A et al (2015) Seasonal phenology of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in protected and open-field crops under Mediterranean climatic conditions. Phytoparasitica 43:713–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-015-0486-x
Costat Software (2008) Version 6.3. 798 Lighthouse Ave, PMB 320, Monetery, CA93940, USA: CoHort
Cuthbertson AGC, Mathers JJ, Blackburn LFM, Korycinska WL, Luo W, Jacobson RJ, Northing P (2013) Population development of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under simulated UK glasshouse conditions. Insects 4:185–197. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects4020185
Damos P, Savopoulou-Soultani M (2012) Temperature driven models for insect development and vital thermal requirements. Psyche 2012:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/123405
de Campos MR, Béarez P, Amiens-Desneux E et al (2020) Thermal biology of Tuta absoluta: demographic parameters and facultative diapause. J Pest Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01286-8
Dillon ME, Wang G, Huey RB (2010) Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467:704–706. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09407
Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture (2010) Tuta absoluta Outbreak in Egypt. Alwatanny Alyoum. http://www.ndp.org.eg
Erdogan P, Babaroglu NE (2014) Life table of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Agric Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa Univ 31(2):80–89. https://doi.org/10.13002/jafag723
Estay P (2000) Polilla del tomate Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Instituto de Investigationes Agropecuarias, Centro Regional de Investigacion La Platina, Ministerio de Agricultura Santiago Chile. Informativo INIA La Platina 9` https://biblioteca.inia.cl/handle/123456789/4505
Fand BB, Henri EZ, Tonnang KM et al (2014) Predicting the impact of climate change on regional and seasonal abundance of the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) using temperature-driven phenology model linked to GIS. Ecol Model 288:62–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.05.018
Fand BB, Shashank PR, Suroshe SS, Chandrashekar K, Meshram NM (2020) Invasion risk of the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India: predictions based on MaxEnt ecological niche modelling. Int J Trop Insect Sci 40:561–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00103-0
Farag, MMA, Shehata NF, Mahmoud YA (2009) Predicting the annual generation peaks of peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using heat units accumulation at Giza Governorate, Egypt. 4th Conf. on Recent Technologies in Agriculture. Egypt
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nation (FAO) (2018) FAOSTAT, Crop. http://fenix.fao.org/faostat/beta/en/#data/QC
Gavkare O, Sharma PL (2017) Influence of temperature on development of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuiter) preying on Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) on tomato. Entomol News 127(3):230–241. https://doi.org/10.3157/021.127.0306
Gharekhani GH, Salek-Ebrahimi H (2014) Life table parameters of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different varieties of tomato. J Econ Entomol 107:1765–1770. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC14059
Guenaoui Y, Bensaad F, Ouazzani K (2010) First experiences in managing tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) in the Northwest area of the country. Preliminary studies in biological control by use of indigenous natural enemies. Phytoma Espana 217:112–113
Hickling R, Roy DB, Hill JK, Fox R, Thomas CD (2006) The distributions of a wide range of taxonomic groups are expanding poleward. Glob Change Biol 12:450–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01116.x
Higley LG, Pedigo LP, Ostlie KR (1986) EGDAY: a program for calculating degree-days, and assumptions behind the degree-day approach. Environ Entomol 15:999–1016. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/15.5.999
Hoffmann AA (2010) Physiological climatic limits in Drosophila: patterns and implications. J Exp Biol 213:870–880. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.037630
Ikemoto T, Kiritani K (2019) Novel method of specifying low and high threshold temperatures using thermodynamic SSI model of insect development. Environ Entomol 48:479–488. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz031
Jarnevich CS, Stohlgren TJ, Kumar S, Morisette JT, Holcombe TR (2015) Caveats for correlative species distribution modeling. Ecol Inform 29:6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2015.06.007
Jayanth KP, Geetha B (1992) Estimation of number of generations of the Mexican beetle, Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by measurement of thermal units. Journal of Entomological Research 16(4):273–276
Jiménez-Valverde A, Gómez JF, Lobo JM, Baselga A, Hortal J (2008) Challenging species distribution models: the case of Maculinea nausithous in the Iberian Peninsula. Ann Zool Fenn 45:200–210. https://doi.org/10.5735/086.045.0305
Ju RT, Wang F, Li B (2011) Effects of temperature on the development and population growth of the Sycamore lace bug, Corythucha ciliate. J Insect Sci 11(1):16. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.011.0116
Kang L, Chen B, Wei JN, Liu TX (2009) Roles of thermal adaptation and chemical ecology in liriomyza distribution and control. Annu Rev Entomol 54:127–145. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090507
Kanle-Satishchandra N, Vaddi S, Naik SO, Chakravarthy AK, Atlihan R (2018) Effect of temperature and CO2 on population growth of South American tomato moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato. J Econ Entomol 111(4):1614–1624. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy143
Karuppaiah V, Sujayanad GK (2012) Impact of climate change on population dynamics of insect pests. World J Agric Sci 8(3):240–246. https://www.scribd.com/document/210068368/Karuppaiah-Sujayanad-2012
Kipyatkov VE, Lopatina E (2010) Intraspecific variation of thermal reaction norms for development in insects: New approaches and prospects. Entomol Rev 90(2):163–184. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873810020041
Koda K, Nakamura H (2012) Effects of temperature on the development and survival of an endangered butterfly, Lycaeides argyrognomon (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with estimation of optimal and threshold temperatures using linear and nonlinear models. Entomol Sci 15:162–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2011.00508.x
Kontodimas DC, Eliopoulos PA, Stathas GJ, Economou LP (2004) Comparative temperature-dependent development of Nephus includens (Kirsch) and Nephus bisignatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), preying on Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): evaluation of a linear and various nonlinear models using specific criteria. Environ Entomol 33:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-33.1.1
Krechemer FDS, Foerster LA (2015) Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): thermal requirements and effect of temperature on development, survival, reproduction and longevity. Eur J Entomol 112(4):658–663. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2015.103
Kroschel J, Sporleder M, Tonnang HEZ, Juarez H, Carhuapoma P, Gonzales JC, Simon R (2013) Predicting climate-change-caused changes in global temperature on potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) distribution and abundance using phenology modeling and GIS mapping. Agric for Meteorol 170:228–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.06.017
Lactin DJ, Holliday NJ, Johnson DL, Craigen R (1995) Improved rate model of temperature-dependent development by arthropods. Environ Entomol 24:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/24.1.68
Liu JF, Yang MF, Hu JF, Han C (2015) Effects of temperature on development and survival of Orthopygia glaucinalis (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) reared on Platycarya stobilacea. J Econ Entomol 108:504–514. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov003
Luoto M, Kuussaari M, Toivonen T (2007) Modelling butterfly distribution based on remote sensing data. J Biogeog 29:1027–1037. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00728.x
Mahdi K, Doumandji S (2013) Research on temperature: limiting factor of development of tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrik) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Int J Agric Sci Res 4(1):81–88
Mahdi K, Doumandji-Mitiche B, Doumandji S (2011) Effect of temperature on the development cycle of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta in Algiers. In: Proc. AFPP – 9. Conférence Internationale sur les Ravageurs en Agriculture, Montpellier, France, 26–27 October 308–316
Martins JC, Picanco MC, Bacci L, Guedes RNC, Santana PA, Ferreira DO, Chediak M (2016) Life table determination of thermal requirements of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta. J Pest Sci 89:897–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-016-0729-8
Meehl G, Stocker T, Collins W, Friedlingstein P, Gaye A, Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M (2007) Climate change, 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, USA
Merrill R, Gutierrez D, Lewis O, Gutierrez J, Diez S, Wilson R (2008) Combined effects of climate and biotic interactions on the elevational range of a phytophagous insect. J Anim Ecol 77:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01303.x
Mills NJ (1981) Some aspects of the rate of increase of a coccinellid. Ecol Entomol 7:305–315. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1981.tb00616.x
Mohamed ESI, Mahmoud MEE, Elhaj MAM, Mohamed SA, Ekesi S (2015) Host plants record for tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Sudan. EPPO Bulletin 45:108–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12178
Mohamed ESI, Mohamed ME, Gamiel SA (2012) First record of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Sudan. IOBC/ WPRS Bulletin 42(2):325–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12178
Negi S, Sharma PL, Verma SC, Chandel RS (2020) Thermal requirements of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) and influence of temperature on its population growth on tomato. J Biol Control 34(1):73–81. https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2020/23249
Obrycki JJ, Tauber MJ (1982) Thermal requirements for development of Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 75:678–683. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/75.6.678
Özgökçe M, Bayindir A, Karaca İ (2016) Temperature-dependent development of the tomato leaf miner,Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on tomato plant Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae). Türk Entomol Derg 40(1):51–59. https://doi.org/10.16970/ted.64743
Park HH, Ahn JJ, Park CG (2014) Temperature-dependent development of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and their validation in semi- field condition. J Asia-Pacific Entomol 17:83–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2013.11.003
Parmesan C (2007) Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming. Glob Chang Biol 13:1860–1872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.13652486.2007.01404.x
Parry ML (2007) Climate Change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: contribution of Working Group II to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Internet]. Cambridge University Press
Perevertin KA, Rawashdah S, Zaetc VG et al (2020) The role of rhermal adaptation in the distribution of the tomato pest Tuta absoluta. Russ J Biol Invasions 11:126–131. https://doi.org/10.1134/S207511172002006X
Pereyra PC, Sánchez NE (2006) Effect of two Solanaceous plants on development and population parameters of the Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Neotrop Entomol 35:671–676. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-566x2006000500016
Pfeiffer DGR, Muniappan DS, Diongue A, Dieng O (2013) First record of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Senegal. Florida Entomologist 96:661–662. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.096.0241
Porter JH, Parry ML, Carter TR (1991) The potential effects of climatic change on agricultural insect pests. Agric for Meteorol 57:221–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90088-8
Richmond JA, Thomas HA, Hattachargya HB (1983) Predicting spring flight of Nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) by heat unit accumulation. J Econ Entomol 76:269–271. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/76.2.269
Rossini L, Severini M, Contarini M, Speranza S (2019) A novel modelling approach to describe an insect life cycle vis-à-vis plant protection: description and application in the case study of Tuta absoluta. Ecol Model 409:108778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108778
Rostami E, Madadi H, Abbasipour H, Allahyari H, Cuthbertson AGS (2016) Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on different tomato cultivars. J Appl Entomol 141:88–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12319
Roy M, Brodeur J, Cloutier C (2002) Relationship between temperature and developmental rate of Stethorus punctillum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and its prey Tetranychus mcdanieli (Acarina: Tetranychidae). Environ Entomol 31:177–187. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-31.1.177
Salama H, Fouda M, Ismail IA, Ebada I, Shehata I (2014) Life table parameters and fluctuations in the population density of the moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Curr Sci Int 3(3):252–259
Santana PA, Kumar L, Da Silva RS et al (2019) Global geographic distribution of Tuta absoluta as affected by climate change. J Pest Sci 92:1373–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-1057y
Schell SP, Lockwood JA (1997) Spatial analysis of ecological factors related to rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) outbreaks in Wyoming. Environ Entomol 26(6):1443:1353. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.6.1343
Schmalensee L, Hulda Gunnarsdóttir K, Näslund J, Gotthard K, Lehmann P (2021) Thermal performance under constant temperatures can accurately predict insect development times across naturally variable microclimates. Ecol Lett Ele 13779. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13779
Sevacherian V, Toscano NC, Steenwy RA, van Sharma KRK, Sanders RR (1977) Forecasting pink bollworm emergence by thermal summation. Environ Entomol 6:545–546
Sgolastra F, Kemp WP, Buckner JS, Pitts-Singer TL, Maini S, Bosch J (2011) The long summer: pre-wintering temperatures affect metabolic expenditure and winter survival in a solitary bee. J Insect Physiol 57:1651–1659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.08.017
Sharma PL, Gavkare O (2017) New distributional record of invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in North-Western Himalayan region of India. Nat Acad Sci Lett 40:217–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40009-016-0526-1
Shehata IE (2017) On the biology and thermal developmental requirements of the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Egypt. Arch Phytopathol Plant Protect 50(11–12):613–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2017.1357377
Silva DB, Bueno VHP, Lins JC Jr, Lenteren JCV (2015) Life history data and population growth of Tuta absoluta at constant and alternating temperatures on two tomato lines. Bull Insectology 68:223–232
Simkhada R, Thapa R (2019) Biology and population growth parameters of tomato leaf miner, (Tuta absoluta, Meyrick) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera), on tomato in the laboratory. J Agric Environ 20:29–39. https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v20i0.25005
Sreedevi G, Prasad YG, Prabhakar M, Rao GR, Vennila S, Venkatswarlu B (2013) Bioclimatic thresholds, thermal constants and survival of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in response to constant temperature on hibiscus. PLoS One 8:e75636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075636
Tabikha RMM (2016) Impacts of temporal and spatial climatic changes on annual generations of Rhopalosiphum maidis and R. padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Egypt, using Geographical Information System (GIS). J Agric Informa 7(1):13–22. https://doi.org/10.17700/jai.2016.7.1.249
Tamerak SA (2011) The status of T. absoluta in Egypt. EPPO/IOBC/FAO/NEPPO joint International Symposium on management of Tuta absoluta (tomato borer). Agadir, Morocco, 16–18 November, p 18
Tarusikirwa VL, Mutamiswa R, English S, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C (2020) Thermal plasticity in the invasive south American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). J Therm Biol 90:102598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102598
Thomson LJ, Macfadyen S, Hoffmann AA (2010) Predicting the effects of climate change on natural enemies of agricultural pests. Biol Control 52:296–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.01.022
Tonnang HEZ, Mohamed SA, Khamis F, Ekesi S (2015) Correction: identification and risk assessment for worldwide invasion and spread of Tuta absoluta with a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for phytosanitary measures and management. PLoS One 10(9):e0138319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138319
Wagner TL, Wu HI, Sharpe PJH, Schoolfield RM, Coulson RN (1984) Modeling insect development rates: a literature review and application of a biophysical model. Ann Entomol Soc Am 77:208–220. https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/77.2.208
Wilson RJ, Maclean IMD (2011) Recent evidence for the climate change threat to Lepidoptera and other insects. J Insect Conserv 15:259–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9342-y
Woiwod I (1997) Detecting the effects of climate change on Lepidoptera. J Insect Conserv 1:149–158. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018451613970
Worner SP (1992) Performance of phenological models under variable temperature regime: consequences of the Kaufmann or rate summation effect. Environ Entomol 1:689–699. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/21.4.689
Younes AA, Zohdy NZM, Abulfadl HA, Fathy R (2019) Life table parameters of the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), on three solanaceous host plants. African Entomol 27(2):461–467. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.027.0461
Zalom F, Goodell P, Wilson L, Barnett W, Bentley W (1983) Degree-days: the calculation and use of heat unit in pest management. University of California, Davis, CA, USA, Division of Agricultural and Natural Resources, p 10
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Single author.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Research involving human participants and/or animals
This article does not include studies with human participants or animals (vertebrates) conducted by any of the authors.
Consent to participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent to publish
Author consent to publish the manuscript.
Competing of interests
The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tabikha, R.M. How climate changes might affect biological aspects and distribution of tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta in Egyptian agro-ecosystem?. Int J Trop Insect Sci 42, 1255–1273 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00644-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00644-y