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Standard Points and Lines in Map Projections

Standardpunkte und -linien in Kartenprojektionen

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A Correction to this article was published on 31 May 2024

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Abstract

In order to be able to read the information a map conveys, we must be familiar with the distribution and size of the inevitable distortions. Otherwise, our knowledge will be deficient or even wrong. The paper first defines the terms standard point and standard line. The standard point is the point where the inevitable distortions caused by mapping are equal to zero. This definition can be visually interpreted as a Tissot distortion ellipse that becomes a unit circle. After that, it is natural to say that the standard line is composed of standard points. A large number of examples show that the map projection does not have to have standard points at all, but that it can have one such point, two such points or a whole line of standard points. In the latter case, it can be parallels, meridians or lines approximately parallel to the image of the middle meridian, as is the case with the Gauss–Krüger or transverse Mercator projection. In this article, formulas are derived by which the reader can mathematically determine standard points or lines, if such exist. The derivation of new mathematical formulas in the paper can be helpful to cartographers who develop a mapping application and may need to select a map projection for their application. The map projection may not be common and therefore the details of the projection’s standard point(s) or line(s) are not well documented. These equations then could be used in writing the code that mathematically derives the location of a standard point(s) or line(s) for a map projection and reports that location to the developer or the end user.

Zusammenfassung

Um die Informationen einer Karte lesen zu können, müssen wir mit der Verteilung und dem Ausmaß der unvermeidlichen Verzerrungen vertraut sein. Andernfalls wird unser Wissen mangelhaft oder sogar falsch sein. Der Artikel definiert zunächst die Begriffe Standardpunkt und Standardlinie. Der Standardpunkt ist der Punkt, an dem die durch die Abbildung unvermeidlichen Verzerrungen gleich Null sind. Diese Definition kann visuell als eine Tissot-Verzerrungsellipse interpretiert werden, die zu einem Einheitskreis wird. Danach lässt sich ableiten, dass die Standardlinie aus Standardpunkten besteht. Eine Vielzahl von Beispielen zeigt, dass die Kartenprojektion überhaupt keine Standardpunkte haben muss, sondern einen solchen Punkt, zwei solcher Punkte oder eine ganze Linie von Standardpunkten haben kann. Im letzteren Fall kann es sich um Parallelen, Meridiane oder Linien handeln, die annähernd parallel zum Bild des Mittelmeridians sind, wie es bei der Gauss-Krüger oder transversalen Mercator-Projektion der Fall ist. In diesem Artikel werden Formeln abgeleitet, mit denen Standardpunkte oder -linien, sofern vorhanden, mathematisch bestimmt werden können. Die Ableitung neuer mathematischer Formeln in der Arbeit kann für Kartographen hilfreich sein, die eine Kartenanwendung entwickeln und möglicherweise eine Kartenprojektion für ihre Anwendung auswählen müssen. Die Kartenprojektion ist möglicherweise nicht üblich und daher sind die Details der Standardpunkte oder -linien der Projektion nicht gut dokumentiert. Diese Gleichungen könnten dann zum Schreiben des Codes verwendet werden, der mathematisch die Position eines Standardpunkts oder einer Standardlinie für eine Kartenprojektion ableitet und diese Position dem Entwickler oder Endbenutzer meldet.

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Correspondence to Miljenko Lapaine.

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The original online version of this article was revised: Error in legend of figure 5 and in last section of text under heading 5.3.

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Lapaine, M. Standard Points and Lines in Map Projections. KN J. Cartogr. Geogr. Inf. 74, 159–167 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42489-024-00168-8

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