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Effect of walnut-shell filler as sustainable material with silane to replace carbon black in natural rubber-based tire tread compound

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Abstract

In this paper, walnut shell filler of 75–150 µm and 45–75 µm size was used in rubber compound with different loadings (2,3, and 5 phr). At 2, 3, and 5 phr loading, small-size WNS powder (45–75 µm) has higher modulus at 300%, tensile strength and elongation at break than larger-size powder (75–150 µm); however, modulus at 300% is lower than blank compound. As the amount of WNS filler increases, the elongation at break with modulus at 300% and tensile strength decrease. The goal of using silane is to improve the interfacial interaction between WNS filler and the rubber matrix. Larger-size WNS filler using Si69 compound demonstrated higher modulus at 300% with higher elongation at break and tensile strength compared to non-silanised compound; however, modulus at 300% remained lower than blank compound. The silanised compound with both WNS fillers demonstrated slightly higher rebound resilience at 100 °C, slightly lower heat build-up, and slightly lower tan delta at 60 °C than the blank compound. It was demonstrated that small-size WNS filler with silane could partially replace N330 carbon black (3 phr) in natural rubber-based tire tread compound due to its bio-based, biodegradable, renewable and sustainable properties.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the BKT management for their kind permission to publish this work and also thanks to Mr. N. Soni, Mr. K.Vinnet, Mr. A. Chipa, Mr. K. Singh, Mr. C.K Sinha and Mr. A Tank for carry out the testing at SPIH (BKT-R&D).

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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sector.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India

    Narendra Singh Chundawat, Bhavani Shanker Parmar & Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan

  2. Suresh Poddar Innovation Hub (SPIH), Balkrishna Industries Ltd. (BKT), Paddhar, Bhuj-Kachchh, Gujarat, 370105, India

    Bhavani Shanker Parmar & Dilip Vaidya

  3. Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    Panneerselvam Perumal

  4. Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile

    Sapana Jadoun

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  1. Narendra Singh Chundawat
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  2. Bhavani Shanker Parmar
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  3. Panneerselvam Perumal
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Contributions

NSC and NPSC suggested the idea while BSP performed the experimental studies and statistical analysis. BSP, NPSC, PP and SJ wrote the manuscript while NPSC and NSC analysed the paper and interpreted the data. NSC and DV have reviewed the script. All authors discussed the data and agreed to submit the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan.

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Chundawat, N.S., Parmar, B.S., Perumal, P. et al. Effect of walnut-shell filler as sustainable material with silane to replace carbon black in natural rubber-based tire tread compound. J Rubber Res 26, 425–439 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-023-00226-2

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