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A Panoramic Overview of Chlorination and Carbochlorination of Light Rare Earth Oxides, Including Thermodynamic, Reaction Mechanism, and Kinetic Aspects

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Abstract

Chlorination and carbochlorination processes have industrial applications in metallurgical activity for extraction and purification of uncommon metals such as rare earth elements (REE). This study reviews the chlorination and carbochlorination reactions of light REE (LREE) oxides with chlorine considering the thermodynamic, stoichiometric, and kinetic aspects of the reactions. Lanthanides between lanthanum to gadolinium were considered as LREE, in agreement with previous literature, and the results were detailed in this review. LREE were analyzed taking into account their oxidation states and were divided into three groups accordingly. The results presented show that, although the LREE are chemically similar, their behaviors during the reactions with Cl2 and Cl2–C, and the different LREE-O–Cl compounds formed, have particularities. It was observed that gadolinium, in both thermodynamic calculations and experimental results, presents some differences, and it can be considered intermediate between light and heavy REE; i.e., reactions between LREE2O3 and Cl2(g) begin at approximately 250 °C, except for Gd2O3 that begins at 327 °C. The present work will contribute to a better understanding of the chemistry of LREE oxides and Cl2 under different conditions and the products obtained in the LREE–O––Cl2(g) and LREE–O–C–Cl2(g) systems.

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Acknowledgments

The financial support from Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), and Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Productiva, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) is gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Fisicoquímica y Control de Calidad. Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu, Centro Atómico Bariloche. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Av. Bustillo 9500, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

    Federico J. Pomiro, Juan P. Gaviría, Gastón G. Fouga, Ana E. Bohé & Georgina De Micco

  2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Juan P. Gaviría, Gastón G. Fouga, Ana E. Bohé & Georgina De Micco

  3. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina

    Ana E. Bohé

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  1. Federico J. Pomiro
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  2. Juan P. Gaviría
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  3. Gastón G. Fouga
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Correspondence to Federico J. Pomiro.

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Pomiro, F.J., Gaviría, J.P., Fouga, G.G. et al. A Panoramic Overview of Chlorination and Carbochlorination of Light Rare Earth Oxides, Including Thermodynamic, Reaction Mechanism, and Kinetic Aspects. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 38, 2467–2484 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-021-00490-z

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