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Effects of Urban Atmospheres on Changing Attitudes of Crowded Public Places: An Action Plan

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Abstract

Crowding in public places and the subsequent degradation of the high quality of urban atmospheres leads to an increase in people’s aggressive attitudes. The consequences of these three variables on people’s dissatisfaction have become apparent and can be monitored through the following five phenomena of urban atmospheres: aesthetic, affective, attributes, architectural quality, and behavioural attitudes. The five above-mentioned phenomena, together with nine situations that arise from the impacts of the urban atmospheres, help to create an integrated conceptual framework. By using this framework, this paper aims to present an anti-crowding action plan in public places based on revelations of people’s moods, attitudes, and satisfaction. This article classifies descriptive and exploratory studies, which depend on evidence-based practice. It searches in theoretical literature thoroughly, testing parameters of reality, to provide the urban designer with guidelines related to the components which affect crowding. Online surveys between experts from different cities around the world reveal the existence and extent of this conflict in sixteen global cities. The key finding was that urban atmospheres as a tool for decreasing feelings of dissatisfaction due to crowding that enhances people’s satisfaction. The results also show that this enhancement is based on atmospheric urban design dimensions. Ultimately, this article concludes with an action plan and four lessons learned, help in providing a proper human mood in public places for reducing negative attitudes relating to atmosphere and crowding. Further studies should focus on the real cooperation between the urban designer and experts in other disciplines.

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Notes

  1. In the past several decades, urban atmospheres played a key role in studying the quality of the urban environment. John Brinckerhoff Jackson (1994) wrote: “We now use the current version to describe ‘urban atmospheres’ to a place, the quality of its environment” (p. 158).

  2. Mitchell L. Moss, director of the Rudin Centre for Transportation Policy and Management at New York University, says: “Sidewalks are the unifying glue of the city. “It’s one part of the city that everyone has to use. You cannot avoid sidewalks” (Hu 2016).

  3. https://www.surveymonkey.com/summary/2W6xnxlzfmiiInrz5m7iQaBUIIDcAUFU1WPkN_2FjM9tAYDe2jJ7No16LS7YL56j03

  4. The word “phenomena” describes not only the nature of things that do not seem like gravity, but also things, fact, and situations that are observed to exist in reality and can be seen, felt, and tasted; it should be unusual, interesting, and explanation is in question (Cambrige Dictionary 2018; English Oxford Living Dictionaries 2018). For instance, Harry Potter and Star Wars are cultural phenomena, the internet era is a technological phenomenon, and glaciers are natural phenomena (Merriam Webster 2018). Stuart Grant (2013) considers that urban atmospheres are “social and aesthetic phenomena” (p. 14 and p. 23).

  5. In 1902, the visionary American philosopherJohn Dewey used the situation as “a technical term”, while in 1938 he shows the full force of the idea behind this term.

  6. Both terms “sense of place” and “urban/emotional atmospheres” focus on exploring the state of the urban environment based on the relationship between man and place. Urban designers prefer to use the term sense of place (Guthey et al. 2014; Jackson 1994; Jorgensen and Stedman 2001), which includes the perceptual dimension. The term sense of place focuses on subjective quality, which links physical experiences with imaginative constructions (see also Figure 3). Instead, the term urban atmospheres is an objective quality to identify the reasons for changing people’s feelings towards the place, whether satisfied or dissatisfied. In order to resolve this dilemma, the authors preferred to use the term urban atmospheres, instead of the term sense of place.

  7. This timeline does not take into consideration some definitions which do not concern this work, such as that a sense of place is: (a) “Creating somewhere that is recognizably distinct, but simultaneously strengthens local identity” (Carmona et al. 2003, p. 33); (b) “Making connections is an essential part of creating a sense of place. This means that roads, streets and the routes for utilities should be designed in response to the local context” (Carmona et al. 2003, p. 69).

  8. This survey was powered by SurveyMonkey via the think: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/VXJDH5X

  9. Experience is “a piece of work that is finished in a way that is satisfactory”, and “every successive part flows freely, without [a] seam and unfilled blanks, into what ensues” (Dewey 2008, p. 37).

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  1. Housing and Building National Research Centre (HBRC), Cairo, Egypt

    Hisham Abusaada

  2. Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

    Abeer Elshater

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Abusaada, H., Elshater, A. Effects of Urban Atmospheres on Changing Attitudes of Crowded Public Places: An Action Plan. Int. Journal of Com. WB 3, 109–159 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-019-00042-w

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