We found this case remarkable for its clinical evolution, infectivity, and immune response. Firstly, this patient had an initial positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test 48 h after a risk contact, remaining asymptomatic for 10 days after this test, which is a criteria for releasing asymptomatic patients from isolation according to the WHO guidance [1]. Additionally, the two negative SARS-CoV-2 tests further reinforced the criteria for cure of the (asymptomatic) disease.
After 16 days of the positive swab, he presented with his first symptoms. This could point either to a reactivation of the disease in a patient who first presented as asymptomatic or to a long incubation period (18 days from risk contact until developing symptoms, with a CT performed 3 days prior to the onset of symptoms showing an evolving disease, which is consistent with previous studies reporting typical radiological findings of COVID-19 in asymptomatic or presymptomatic patients [2]). Some outbreak studies have followed up patients who were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis and concluded that some patients developed symptoms and were actually presymptomatic [2,3,4]. In one study, the median time for developing symptoms after the initial positive RT-PCR test was 4 days (range from 3 to 5) [3].
Interestingly, this patient seems to have transmitted the disease to his family during the presymptomatic period, since he was at home for the 6 days prior to symptom onset and his household members reported symptoms 2 to 3 days after him, having no other risk contacts. There are numerous reports on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic individuals or individuals who were within the incubation period [5,6,7]. Current data suggests that infectiousness peaks in the earlier stages of infection [8, 9], and one modeling study suggested individuals could be infectious 2 to 3 days prior to symptom onset [9].
Finally, analyzing serology markers for this patient, immune response seems to be delayed considering his first exposure to the virus (IgG and IgA detected 27 days after the first positive test). However, most published seroconversion studies evaluated immunoglobulins levels according to symptom onset. Our patient presented with detectable IgG and IgA 11 days after symptom onset. A recent study which compared IgA, IgM, and IgG responses in COVID-19 patients [10] has showed that medium seroconversion time was 4 to 6 days for IgA and IgM and 5 to 10 days for IgG. Notably, this patient’s IgA levels were not available on the first serology sample collected on the seventh day after symptoms onset, which is of importance since IgA detection seems to show the highest sensitivity at the beginning of disease (highest positive diagnostic rate at 4 to 10 days after symptom onset) [10] and to contribute to a greater extent to virus neutralization [11]. In the same study [10], IgM showed a lower positive diagnostic rate, which is in line with our patient’s results (whose IgM was negative).
Fluctuating shedding of SARS-CoV-2 has been described on COVID-19 patients [12, 13] and not only has asymptomatic infection been associated with a higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance within the first week of diagnosis when compared with symptomatic infection [14] but there have also been reports of COVID-19 reactivation [15, 16]. Hence, a possible explanation is that this case represents a reactivation of COVID-19 in a patient which first presented as an asymptomatic carrier. Another is that the two negative SARS-CoV-2 could simply reflect the fluctuant presence of the virus.
Examining the timeline (Fig. 1), it could also be speculated that the fact that the patient was on high-dose steroids in the early course of disease might have delayed the clinical presentation at first. Since the beginning of the pandemic, the effect of steroids on viral clearance and their role in the management of COVID-19 have been the subject of much speculation. Some small retrospective studies early in the pandemic suggested that low-dose corticosteroid therapy did not delay viral clearance in patients with COVID-19 [17, 18]. There were also concerns raised around steroids being associated with higher mortality, longer length of stay, and higher rate of bacterial infection, extrapolating data from retrospective studies among patients with coronaviruses infections (including Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) [19]. Recently, the RECOVERY trial indicated that dexamethasone reduced 28-day mortality among COVID-19 pneumonia patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen [20]. However, there was no benefit in patients not receiving respiratory support [20]. This is in line with the currently known pathophysiology of COVID-19 illness which appears to progress from an early infection stage related with a viral response phase, followed by a pulmonary phase and finally a hyperinflammation phase during which steroids are thought to have its greatest value [21]. Notably, 15% of the patients recruited for RECOVERY were not considered suitable for randomization to dexamethasone, although it was not clarified the amount of them who was considered by the managing physician to have a definite contraindication and which one was it [20]. Moreover, it is unclear whether that, even in severe disease, steroids may be less beneficial for some subsets of patients, such as the elderly and those immunosuppressed. Since the administration of steroids comes with risks, the risk-benefit balance should always be assessed. To the best of our knowledge, no data on the effect of steroids in asymptomatic (or presymptomatic) patients has been reported, nor on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in patients who are chronically on steroids.
In conclusion, this case highlights that the ongoing pandemic urges for a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 replication, infectivity, and immunity. We hypothesize that patients on corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medication may have particular viral shedding dynamics and should prompt a more conservative approach in regard to isolation discontinuation and monitoring, even with a negative nucleic acid amplification test. Importantly, after having been considered cured for asymptomatic COVID-19 illness, this case led to three subsequent cases. Studies including determination of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity through viral culture, immunity assessment, and genomic comparison of viral strains can prove to be paramount in further understanding these factors and, ultimately, in improving management of cases. Lastly, this case underlines the potential for nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 and the importance of infection control measures.