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Rhizoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil using Zea mays Sturt, with heavy metal resistant rhizobacteria that alleviate Cd-induced stress in plant

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Abstract

Exposure to a high concentration of cadmium (Cd) is toxic to living organisms. The present study deals with the characterization of Cd resistant bacterial isolates, and analysis of the rhizoremediation of Cd using the metal resistant plant growth promoting (PGP) rhizobacteria applied through maize (Zea mays Sturt) rhizosphere. Cd resistant bacterial isolates were selected, analyzed for PGP attributes and applied in the rhizosphere of maize plants to study their effects on plant growth under metal stress, along with the Cd rhizoremediation potential. The bacterial isolates Serratia marcescens S2I7, S. marcescens BB-2B, Bacillus subtilis SR1 and Paenibacillus sp. S1I8 showed resistance to Cd and positive for PGP attributes, like phosphate-solubilization, production of indole acetic acid (IAA), and siderophore. The augmentation of the metal resistant bacteria caused 26% increase in the shoot length of the plants in Cd spiked soil. Under the stress of Cd, the activity of stress-responsive enzymes- glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POD) of the treated plants were relatively higher. Augmentation of the bacterial isolates significantly reduced the activity of stress-responsive enzymes. The association of Z. mays-rhizobacteria played the most crucial role in the process of bioremediation, as it could remove up to 31% of Cd from soil after 30 days. The present study emphasizes the efficiency of plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere to remove metals from soil through the promotion of plant growth in contaminated sites.

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Data availability

The 16 s rDNA sequences of the isolates have been submitted to the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) genebank database under the accession numbers MF992191 (B. subtilis SR1), KX602663 (Paenibacillus sp. S1I8), MF554655 (S. marcescens BB-2B), and KY744360 (S. marcescens S2I7).

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Acknowledgements

BB and PP acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. of India for financial support, RK acknowledges the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Govt. of India for DST-INSPIRE fellowship.

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  1. Bhrigu Bhuyan and Rhitu Kotoky contributed equally to this work.

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  1. Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India

    Bhrigu Bhuyan, Rhitu Kotoky & Piyush Pandey

  2. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

    Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari

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Bhuyan, B., Kotoky, R., Maheshwari, D.K. et al. Rhizoremediation of Cd-contaminated soil using Zea mays Sturt, with heavy metal resistant rhizobacteria that alleviate Cd-induced stress in plant. Environmental Sustainability 5, 375–387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-022-00241-w

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