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Advances in nanoparticles tailored lignocellulosic biochars for removal of heavy metals with special reference to cadmium (II) and chromium (VI)

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Abstract

Environmental degradation due to heavy metals has been studied worldwide due to their non-biodegradable and persistent nature. Among various heavy metals, chromium (VI) (Cr (VI)) and cadmium (Cd (II)) are toxic and enter into aquatic systems from anthropogenic activities. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made for the growth of a well-organized and cost-effective method for the removal of heavy metals. Among various methods, biosorption is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and readily available. Biochar is porous, carboneous material produced from biomass by thermal decomposition under a limited supply of oxygen at a temperature below 900 ℃. The biomass comprises mainly of 35–50% cellulose, 20–35% hemicellulose, and 10–25% lignin, extractives, and ash. These components are accountable for most of the unique properties of the biochar. Further, the conversion of biomasses into biochar depends upon feedstock, particle size, temperature, reaction time, etc. The biomass with high carbon and lignin content produces biochar with high yield. Biochar has huge affinity for pollutants due to porous arrangement and functional groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and phenolic. Therefore, biochars have been modified with different materials including nanoparticles to improve the removal capacity for pollutants. The sorption efficiency of biochar was found to be improved after modification with nanoparticles. Biochar-based nanocomposite has superior physical and chemical properties that arise due to a combination of advantages of both constituent particles. Thus, the fabrication of biochar based nanomaterials has been reported for the removal of Cd (II) and Cr (VI) from aqueous systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors of this paper are thankful to the Central University of Jammu for providing all the required facilities for carrying this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya-Suchani), Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India

    Deepak Pathania

  2. Department of Chemistry, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175001, India

    Deepak Pathania

  3. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, 222003, India

    A. K. Srivastava

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  1. Deepak Pathania
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Correspondence to Deepak Pathania.

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Pathania, D., Srivastava, A.K. Advances in nanoparticles tailored lignocellulosic biochars for removal of heavy metals with special reference to cadmium (II) and chromium (VI). Environmental Sustainability 4, 201–214 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-020-00142-w

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