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Evaluation of Poly (Vinyl Chloride)/2-Nitrophenyl Octyl Ether/Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid Polymer Inclusion Membrane Performance for Zinc Recovery and Separation

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Abstract

Membrane technology, based on a different kind of polymeric membranes, is among the most recognized and crucial technologies for the treatment of wastewater. Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) were used in selective and facilitated transport of different heavy metals from acidic media. The motivation of this study is to synthesize novel PVC-based polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) with specific percentages of plasticizer and carrier to transport and separate Zn(II) ions under particular conditions. In the synthesis of these membranes, the efforts are directed towards minimizing the quantities of organic solvents employed as plasticizing and carrier agents. This reduction not only contributes to environmental sustainability but also enhances health and economic aspects. These findings align with the ongoing commitment to advancing environmentally conscious practices in membrane synthesis. Polymer inclusion membranes consisting of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) as base polymer, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE) as a plasticizer (10 wt. %), and D2EHPA as a carrier (30 wt. %) were prepared. The membranes were characterized by attenuated total reflectance-fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to collect information on their morphology and composition. Mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of the PIMs were determined by the tensile strength and the contact angle measurements. To further verify the feasibility of the new composition of the membranes, the PVC/NPOE/D2EHPA PIM was used to evaluate the effect of the pH of the feed phase on zinc transport ([Zn2+] = 30 mg.L−1, pH range varied from 2 to 5). At optimal pH equal to 5, zinc ions were completely transported through the selected PIM after only 4 h by using 1 M of sulfuric acid as a receiving phase. The stability of the studied PIM was also examined. We note that Zn(II) flux through this membrane decreases slightly after six extraction cycles. Moreover, the selectivity coefficient revealed that the PIM is more selective towards Zn(II) than Ni(II) cations. The performances of the PIM system for zinc, nickel and copper separation were evaluated.

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Data availability

All data cited in the article are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ATR-FTIR:

Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared

CTA:

Cellulose triacetate

D2EHPA:

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid

DBE:

Dibenzyl ether

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

FTIR:

Fourier Transform Infrared

NPOE:

2-Nitrophenyl octyl ether

OHA:

Octylhydroxamic acid

o-NPPE:

O-nitrophenyl pentyl ether

PIM:

Polymer Inclusion Membrane

PVC:

Poly (vinyl chloride)

PVDF:

Polyvinylidene difluoride

RILs:

Reactive ionic liquids

RO:

Reverse osmosis

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SLM:

Supported liquid membrane

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

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Acknowledgements

The researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research, Qassim University for funding the publication of this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Materials Application to Water, Environment and Energy (LAM3E), Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Sidi Ahmed Zarroug University Campus, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia

    Hayet Mahmoud, Sana Ncib, Kemla Othmen, Elimame Elaloui & Wided Bouguerra

  2. Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320, Thiais, France

    Hayet Mahmoud, Sana Ncib, Kemla Othmen & Lasâad Dammak

  3. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, 51452, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia

    Sadeq M. Al-Hazmy

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  1. Hayet Mahmoud
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  4. Sadeq M. Al-Hazmy
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Contributions

Conceptualization, H.M., S.N., W.B. and L.A.; methodology, S.N., L.D., and W.B.; validation, W.B., S.A., L.D. and L.A.; formal analysis, H.M., S.N. and K.O.; investigation, L.D., S.A., W.B., S.N. and L.A.; resources, W.B. and L.D.; data curation, H.M., K.O., S.N., W.B. and L.D.; writing—original draft preparation, H.M., K.O. and S.N.; writing—review and editing, S.N., W.B., S.A., L.D. and L.A.; supervision, L.A. and W.B.; project administration, W.B. and L.D.. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wided Bouguerra.

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Mahmoud, H., Ncib, S., Othmen, K. et al. Evaluation of Poly (Vinyl Chloride)/2-Nitrophenyl Octyl Ether/Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid Polymer Inclusion Membrane Performance for Zinc Recovery and Separation. Chemistry Africa 7, 2125–2137 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42250-023-00853-7

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